[citation needed]. In the Mark 7 HE system, the irregularities in the implosion front were relatively small rendering the pusher component unnecessary. Second, as the primary could not illuminate the whole surface of the hohlraum, in part due to the large axial length of the secondary, relatively small solid angles would be effective to compress the secondary, leading to poor radiation focusing. Lithium-6 indeed reacted in this manner. The successful test rendered obsolete the cryogenic design used by Ivy Mike and its weaponized derivative, the JUGHEAD, which was slated to be tested as the initial Castle Yankee. These losses were associated with material's properties like back-scattering, Tamper is the metal cladding encasing the secondary, and it is also termed, Not to be confused with the function of the fusion tamper. Attached to the cylindrical ballistic case was a natural-uranium liner, the radiation case, that was about 2.5cm thick. In the declassified film Operation Castle, the task force commander Major General Percy Clarkson pointed to a diagram indicating that the wind shift was still in the range of "acceptable fallout", although just barely. [60][bettersourceneeded] The mortality rate of the male population on the Marshall Islands from lung cancer is four times greater than the overall United States rates, and the oral cancer rates are ten times greater. One book claims that "in 1992, a study conducted by the Institute of Biophysics at the former Soviet Health Ministry . The decision to carry out the Bravo test under the prevailing winds was made by Dr. Alvin C. Graves, the Scientific Director of Operation Castle. 16 Aug 2018. [21]:542 The official US position had been that the growth in the strength of atomic bombs was not accompanied by an equivalent growth in radioactivity released, and they denied that the crew was affected by radioactive fallout. COBRA was Los Alamos' most recent product of design work on the "new principles" of the hollow core. [43][45], The US Navy tanker USSPatapsco was at Enewetak Atoll in late February 1954. In terms of energy released (usually measured in TNT equivalence), Castle Bravo was about 1,000 times more powerful than each of the atomic bombs that were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II. The detonation took place at 06:45 on March 1, 1954, local time (18:45 on February 28 GMT). Washington, D.C., July 22, 2016 - U.S. atomic tests in Bikini Atoll in July 1946 staged by a joint Army-Navy task force were the first atomic explosions since the bombings of Japan a year earlier. A sizable array of diagnostic instruments were trained on it, including high-speed cameras trained through an arc of mirror towers around the shot cab. This boosted fission device was tested in the Upshot Knothole Climax event and yielded 61 kilotonnes of TNT (260TJ) (out of 5070 kt expected yield range). 1,000 times stronger than the bomb that decimated Hiroshima, Castle Bravo caused immediate and lasting damage in the atoll and to the surrounding islands. As Wellerstein notes, Castle Bravo helped popularize the term fallout to describe the radioactive particles caused by a nuclear explosion. Within a week of the test, the U.S. launched a medical study on the effects of radiation on island inhabitants and provided medical care to people who had been exposed. The Castle Bravo nuclear test on Bikini Atoll unexpectedly unleashed 15 megatons of explosive force on the tiny island. Rotblat deduced that the bomb had three stages and showed that the fission phase at the end of the explosion increased the amount of radioactivity a thousand-fold. [53] Soviet scientist Andrei Sakharov hit upon what the Soviet Union regarded as "Sakharov's third idea" during the month after the Castle Bravo test, the final piece of the puzzle being the idea that the compression of the secondary can be accomplished by the primary's X-rays before fusion began. Seis dcadas despus de las detonaciones, su legado txico sigue presente en . "The Legacy of U.S. Nuclear Testing and Radiation Exposure in the Marshall Islands.". On Rongelap, they projected 55% of all cancers might be attributed to fallout exposure. The researchers concluded, The doses received by residents of the northern atolls were essentially due to a single test, Castle Bravo.. [23]:16 The exception to this was the MK-15 ZOMBIE that used a 93.5% enriched fission jacket. Castle Bravo's yield was 15 megatonnes of TNT . Consequently, this type of bomb is also known as a "fission-fusion-fission" device. [33] The report is a guide to off-site radiation exposures, a narrative history, and a guide to primary historical references concerning the Castle Bravo test. Nuclear fallout rained down on inhabitants of atolls more than 100 miles away, including Rongelap.What follows is an excerpt of Blown to Hell: America's Deadly Betrayal of the Marshall . The nuclear tests took place right after World War II, but the craters remain to this day. 5") were also contaminated by the heavy fallout, experiencing acute radiation syndrome. The primary emits radiation in a manner similar to a flash bulb, and the secondary needs constant Tr to properly implode. Graves appears in the widely available film of the earlier 1952 test "Ivy Mike", which examines the last-minute fallout decisions. Shot-cab installation of SHRIMP device, with humans for scale. RELATED: The Punisher: 5 Weapons Frank Castle Always Carries (& 5 He Only Got To Use Once) The Punisher ends up beating him to death with his own merchandise, a baseball . Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The fallout was at first thought to be harmless and there were no radiation detectors aboard, so no decontamination measures were taken. The Fukuryu Maru went undetected in the test zone, and was trolling for tuna approximately 190 km away from the Bravo shot, and was exposed to the rain of dust thick enough to leave footprints on the deck of the boat. It was 1,000 times more destructive than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima. [40] Nevertheless, the Japanese and US governments quickly reached a political settlement, with the transfer to Japan of $15.3 million as compensation,[41] with the surviving victims receiving about 2million each ($5,550 in 1954, or about $56,000 in 2023). For example, a former public advocate for the Tribunal charges that the $150 million number for the trust fund was completely pulled out of the air. Traces of radioactive material were later found in Japan, India, and Australia, as well as in parts of Europe and the United States. 6:14 minutes", "How Archive Data Contribute to Certification. Tapering was used for two reasons. The American magazine Consumer Reports warned of the contamination of milk with strontium-90.[51]. Following the test, the United States Department of Energy estimated that 253 inhabitants of the Marshall Islands were impacted by the radioactive fallout. The United States remains officially responsible for the security and defense of the Marshall Islands, but the Marshallese have complete sovereignty over their foreign relations. Panama Canal, 1880-1914. At the same time, the rocket effect on the surface of the hohlraum would force the radiation case to speed outwards. Natural lithium is a mixture of lithium-6 and lithium-7 isotopes (with 7.5% of the former). The limiting value of the albedo for high-Z materials is reached when the thickness is 510 g/cm2, or 0.51.0 free paths. Detonated on March 1, 1954, the device was the most powerful nuclear device detonated by the United States and its first lithium deuteride fueled thermonuclear weapon. [30] However, when lithium-7 is bombarded with energetic neutrons with an energy greater than 2.47 MeV, rather than simply absorbing a neutron, it undergoes nuclear fission into an alpha particle, a tritium nucleus, and another neutron. Radioactive fallout was spread eastward onto the inhabited Rongelap and Rongerik atolls, which were evacuated[34] 48 hours after the detonation. Thus, a hohlraum made of uranium much thicker than a free path of uranium would be needlessly heavy and costly. The Soviet researchers, led by Andrei Sakharov, developed and tested their first TellerUlam device in 1955. Documents posted today by the National Security Archive about "Operation Crossroads" shed light on these events as do galleries of declassified videos and photographs. [Note 8] The reemitted X-rays from the radiation case must be deposited uniformly on the outer walls of the secondary's tamper and ablate it externally, driving the thermonuclear fuel capsule (increasing the density and temperature of the fusion fuel) to the point needed to sustain a thermonuclear reaction. This central volume was lined with copper, which like the liner in the primary's fissile core prevented DT gas diffusion in plutonium. He asks the control panel scientist if the test can be aborted and is told "yes", but it would ruin all their preparations in setting up timed measuring instruments. This was the spark plug, a tritium-boosted fission device. Castle Bravo. They predicted that the yield of the device would be roughly five to six megatons (a megaton is the equivalent of one million tons of TNT). The secondary assembly was the actual SHRIMP component of the weapon. Theo tnh ton ca cc nh khoa hc lm vic trong K hoch 4.1, c th phng x pht tn t v n Castle Bravo lan n Australia, Nht, n . Adjusting for inflation, this is equal to $1.05 billion (2010 dollars), and includes medical treatment, health care costs, island rehabilitation efforts and investments, and resettlement funds. The original agreement allowed the Marshall Islands to petition for additional compensation given changed circumstances, but the U.S. Supreme Court rejected a petition by the Marshallese in 2010. [13][Note 5] Natural uranium nails, lined to the top of their head with copper, attached the radiation case to the ballistic case. It is one of the most closely guarded secrets of a multistage thermonuclear weapon. It was considered successful enough that the planned operation series Domino, designed to explore the same question about a suitable primary for thermonuclear bombs, could be canceled. With this form of joint bearing most of the structural loads of the secondary, the latter and the hohlraum-ballistic case ensemble behaved as a single mass sharing common eigenmodes. Despite a stern warning from the weather forecaster, Castle Bravo was blast on a day when the wind was blowing over the Marshall Islands population. [46] Total exposure estimates range from 3.3 R to 18 R of whole-body radiation, taking into account the effects of natural washdown from rain, and variations between above- and below-deck exposure. A stern . At the same time, since the, Both SAUSAGE and the two RUNTs (SAUSAGE's "lithiated" versions) had fusion fuel volumes of 840, This temperature range is compatible with a hohlraum filling made of a low-. [22]:185. Because the Castle Bravo test was done near ground . En el archipilago del Pacfico, el atoln Bikini vio la explosin de su mayor bomba termonuclear, Castle Bravo. [35], Although the atmospheric fallout plume drifted eastward, once fallout landed in the water it was carried in several directions by ocean currents, including northwest and southwest.[38]. Since the ablative process takes place on both walls of the radiation channel, a numerical estimate made with ISRINEX (a thermonuclear explosion simulation program) suggested that the uranium tamper also had a thickness of 2.5cm, so that an equal pressure would be applied to both walls of the hohlraum. This was due to the presence of radioactive caesium-137 in locally grown coconut milk. US Department of Energy. Ivy Mike. The rocket effect on the surface of tamper's wall created by the ablation of its several superficial layers would force an equal mass of uranium that rested in the remainder of the tamper to speed inwards, thus imploding the thermonuclear core. [3], When Bravo was detonated, within one second it formed a fireball almost 4.5 miles (7.2km) across. [10]:236 All of the high-energy 14 MeV neutrons would cause fission in the uranium fusion tamper wrapped around the secondary and the spark plug's plutonium rod. The Bravo Crater is located at .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}114150N 1651619E / 11.69722N 165.27194E / 11.69722; 165.27194. Bridge, sky, and sea burst into view, painted in flaming sunset colors. The Bravo shot and the irradiation of the Fukuryu Maru outraged the Japanese government, and was one of the polarizing events in creating the anti-nuclear movement in Japan. . [6]:258 The assembled module weighed 830kg (1,840lb), measuring 770mm (30.5in) across. A relatively high albedo permits higher interstage coupling due to the more favorable azimuthal and latitudinal angles of reflected radiation. Even in Tokyos enormous fish market sold very few fish for weeks. In 1982, four United States servicemen affected by radioactive fallout from Castle Bravo sued the U.S. government, alleging a conspiracy to cover up and conceal vital scientific information. One of the veterans involved, Gene Curbow, explained how a mixture of patriotism and ignorance had kept him from speaking out before. [39] Japanese scientists who had collected data from the fishing vessel disagreed with this. [medical citation needed] The islanders received compensation from the U.S. government, relative to how much contamination they received, beginning in 1956; by 1995 the Nuclear Claims Tribunal reported that it had awarded $43.2 million, nearly its entire fund, to 1,196 claimants for 1,311 illnesses. The U.S. detonated its first deliverable thermonuclear weapon on February 28, 1954, at Bikini. It consumes Lithium-6 and deuterium, and in two reactions (with energies of 17.6 MeV and 4.8 MeV, mediated by a neutron and tritium) it produces two alpha particles.[12]. Kunkle, Thomas, and Bryon Ristvet, Castle Bravo: Fifty Years of Legend and Lore: A Guide to Offsite Radiation Exposure. Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Defense Threat Reduction Information Analysis Center, January 2013. Ring Lenses were used in conjunction with 1E23 type bridge-wire detonators. The United States Air Force indicated the importance of lighter thermonuclear weapons for delivery by the B-47 Stratojet and B-58 Hustler. The police at Hiroshima prefecture estimated that there were 92,133 dead and missing from the city at the end of November 1945. . Similar to the tamper-fusion capsule assembly, the shield was shaped as a circular frustum, with its small diameter facing the primary's side, and with its large diameter locked by a type of mortise and tenon joint to the rest of the secondary assembly. por Cristina Bermejo. Operation Castle; Castle Bravo. The explosion yielded 15megatons of TNT and released large quantities of radioactive debris into the atmosphere that fell over 7,000 square miles. . One crewmember died several months later; the cause of his death remains disputed. Martin, Edwin J. and Richard H. Rowland. Despite the increased risk of spreading fallout to nearby inhabited islands, Major General Percy Clarkson, commander of the military task force responsible for the test, and Dr. Alvin C. Graves, the scientific director of Operation Castle, ordered the test to continue as planned. Castle Bravo was approximately 1,000 times more powerful than the Little Boy atomic bomb detonated over Hiroshima. At 15 megatons, 1,000 times the magnitude of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear weapons, the Castle Bravo bomb vaporized three islands and contaminated many others. U.S. sailors observing the test and servicemen stationed on Rongerik Atoll were also exposed to radiation. It was compared to the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the Castle Bravo test was frequently part of the plots of numerous Japanese media, especially in relation to Japan's most widely recognized media icon, Godzilla. On March 1, 1954, the United States carried out its largest nuclear detonation, "Castle Bravo," at Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands. It is shown in the second episode when he meets Clint, a pawnshop owner that tries to sell child pornography to Frank Castle. The Castle Bravo test featured "Shrimp," a 23,500 pound "light body" device that was an evolution of Ivy Mike, the first American thermonuclear hydrogen bomb that was the product of Teller. [60][bettersourceneeded], There is a presumed association between radiation levels and functioning of the female reproductive system. The Soviet Union tested its first atomic bomb in 1949 in Kazakhstan, and went on to test in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine as well. Implosion of the secondary assembly is indirectly driven, and the techniques used in the interstage to smooth the spatial profile (i.e. Castle Bravo was the first in a series of high-yield thermonuclear weapon design tests conducted by the United States at Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands, as part of Operation Castle. The blast incited a strong international reaction over atmospheric thermonuclear testing.[4]. As part of a series of top-secret nuclear tests codenamed Operation Castle, on 1 March 1954 the US military carried out a trial known as "Castle Bravo", detonating a 15-megaton hydrogen bomb . size resulted in the irradiation of approximately 665 inhabitants of the Marshall Islands and the radiation poisoning death of a Japanese fisherman who was 80 miles . [54] In 1957, it was converted into the Mark 36 nuclear bomb and entered into production again. [7]:86:91 The composite uranium-plutonium COBRA core was levitated in a type-D pit. February 27, 2014. Test 147. the thermal blast/heat shield) was anchored to the radiation case by a set of thin wires, which also aligned the center line of the secondary with the primary, as they diminished bending and torsional loads on the secondary, another technique adopted from the SAUSAGE. Castle Bravo, detonated on February 28, 1954, was the first of the Castle series of tests and the largest US nuclear blast of all time. The enriched lithium used in Bravo was nominally 40% lithium-6 (the remainder was the much more common lithium-7, which was incorrectly assumed to be inert). The Bravo fireball rose at the rate of 1,000 feet per second, and created a mushroom cloud that eventually topped 130,000 feet above sea level. The radiation case had a parabolic end, which housed the COBRA primary that was employed to create the conditions needed to start the fusion reaction, and its other end was a cylinder, as also seen in Bravo's declassified film. The United States and Russia now have thousands of nuclear weapons each, with China, France, the United Kingdom . A visualization to this is that the joint looked much like a cap (the secondary) fitted in a cone (the projection of the radiation case). By tapering the secondary, the hohlraum could be shaped as a cylinder in its aft section obviating the need to machine the radiation case to a parabola at both ends. Lapp reflected that Castle Bravo and other extremely powerful thermonuclear weapons marked a historic change in warfare. "Kindness is life, cruelty is death." This is not so much an aphorism as it . The first in the series to be tested, a 15-megaton bomb called Bravo, was detonated on March 1st. Its plasma-pressure is confined in the boiled-off sections of the tamper and the radiation case so that material from neither of these two walls can enter the radiation channel that has to be open for the radiation transit.[10]. Later in 1954, Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru called for a moratorium on testing or standstill agreement between the US and Soviet Union. The death toll would have been unbeleivable. [21]:438454 The secondary assembly was an elongated truncated cone. reduce coherence and nonuniformities) of the primary's irradiance are of utmost importance. Bravo Fallout Plume (37 K) Bravo fallout plume superimposed over the USA:525x531 version (9 K) 657x664 version (12 K) Castle Romeo. Hohlraum albedo is a very important design parameter for any inertial-confinement configuration. [1] Due to the assumption that Li-7 would be largely . Castle Romeo. These weapons have bisected human history.. The secondary was situated in the cylindrical end of the device, where its end was locked to the radiation case by a type of mortise and tenon joint. Subscribe today and get a yearlong print and digital subscription. The yield of 15 megatons was triple that of the 5 Mt predicted by its designers. La detonacin de Castle Bravo, el 1 de marzo de 1954, fue 1.000 veces ms potente que la de la bomba de Hiroshima. Test 173. Unanticipated fallout and the radiation emitted by it also affected many of the vessels and personnel involved in the test, in some cases forcing them into bunkers for several hours. Castle Bravo had the greatest yield of any U.S. nuclear test, 15Mt, though again, a substantial fraction came from fission. We had this enormous explosion of feeling against the United States for having exploded the bomb and exposing the Japanese nationals to its effects, a U.S. diplomat remembered. Though organized as a secret test, Castle Bravo quickly became an international incident, prompting calls for a ban on the atmospheric testing of thermonuclear devices. [1][2] Castle Bravo's yield was 15 megatonnes of TNT (63PJ), 2.5 times the predicted 6 megatonnes of TNT (25PJ), due to unforeseen additional reactions involving lithium-7,[3] which led to the unexpected radioactive contamination of areas to the east of Bikini Atoll. [56][failed verification] Populations neighboring the test site were exposed to high levels of radiation resulting in mild radiation sickness of many (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea). The energy required by the spark plug to counteract the compression of the fusion fuel was lower than the primary's yield because coupling of the primary's energy in the hohlraum is accompanied by losses due to the difference between the X-ray fireball and the hohlraum temperatures. Castle Bravo is the sixth largest nuclear explosion in history, exceeded by the Soviet tests of Tsar Bomba at approximately 50 Mt, Test 219 at 24.2 Mt, and three other (Test 147, Test 173 and Test 174) 20 Mt Soviet tests in 1962 at Novaya Zemlya. Fallout, the heaviest of which was in the form of pulverized surface coral from the detonation, fell on residents of Rongelap and Utirik atolls, while the more particulate and gaseous fallout spread around the world. The proposed weight reduction (from TX-17's 42,000 pounds (19,000kg) to TX-21's 25,000 pounds (11,000kg)) would provide the Air Force with a much more versatile deliverable gravity bomb. From its front part (excluding the blast-heat shield) to its aft section it was steeply tapered. The ratio of deuterium (and tritium) atoms burned by 14 MeV neutrons spawned by the burning was expected to vary from 5:1 to 3:1, a standardization derived from Mike,[10] while for these estimations, the ratio of 3:1 was predominantly used in ISRINEX. Had sufficient lithium-6 been available, the usability of the common lithium-7 might not have been discovered. Approximately an hour and a half after the Castle Bravo test, fallout reached a Japanese fishing boat named Daigo Fukury Maru or Fifth Lucky Dragon, located 80 miles east of the test site. [11]:281 The mixture cost about 4.54USD/g at that time. 1954 U.S. thermonuclear weapon test in the Marshall Islands, It has been suggested that this section be, Possible additional tritium for high-yield. Further testing was conducted by the United Kingdom in Australia and in the Pacific Ocean beginning in 1952, and by France in Algeria and the South Pacific beginning in 1960. While the truth of these allegations remains unproven, historians generally agree that the effects of Castle Bravo were in fact accidental. Hadley points out that 20,000 people live in the potential area of the fallout. Then it would be completely fissioned by the fusion neutrons, contributing about 330 kilotonnes of TNT (1,400TJ) to the total yield. To reduce excessive loading of the joint, especially during deployment of the weapon, the forward section of the secondary (i.e. There was no actual basis for it. By the early 2000s, the tribunal lacked the necessary funds to disperse settlement payments fully. All rights reserved. The fallout from Castle Bravo and other testing on the atoll also affected islanders who had previously inhabited the atoll, and who returned there some time after the tests. 358x480, 30 K; 640x768, 70 K; 1024x854, 92 K. Fallout Over the Marshall Islands. La operacin Castle Bravo. This involved the testing of atomic weaponry by both sides. The fission reactions of the natural uranium tamper were quite dirty, producing a large amount of fallout. The designers of Castle Bravo seriously miscalculated the yield of the device, resulting in critical radiation contamination. In the end, the estimated equivalent of "Castle Bravo" was set at 6 million tons, and the site clearance work began. Rotblat's paper was taken up by the media, and the outcry in Japan reached such a level that diplomatic relations became strained and the incident was even dubbed by some as a "second Hiroshima". Years after Castle Bravo, the impact of its fallout was manifest in the appearance of thyroid abnormalities and other cancers among Marshall Islanders who had been young at the time of the test. [48], Stratospheric fallout particles of strontium-90 from the test were later captured with balloon-borne air filters used to sample the air at stratospheric altitudes, the research (Project Ashcan) was conducted to better understand the stratosphere and fallout times, and arrive at more accurate meteorological models after hindcasting.[49]. The ring lenses reduced weapon's external diameter by making the HE layer thinner, and their simultaneity of shock wave emergence was considerably higher compared to previous hyperboloid lenses, enabling better and more accurate compression (LA-1632, table 4.1). Because the structural foam holding the secondary in place within the casing was doped with 10B,[6]:179 the secondary was compressed more highly, at a cost of some radiated neutrons. The thermonuclear burn would produce (like the fission fuel in the primary) pulsations (generations) of high-energy neutrons with an average temperature of 14 MeV through Jetter's cycle. The unexpectedly high yield of the device severely damaged many of the permanent buildings on the control site island on the far side of the atoll. [33] The report focuses on the circumstances that resulted in radioactive exposure of the uninhabited atolls, and makes no attempt to address in detail the effects on or around Bikini Atoll. The explosive material of the inner charges in the MK 7 was changed to the more powerful Cyclotol 75/25, instead of the Composition B used in most stockpiled bombs at that time, as Cyclotol 75/25 was denser than Composition B and thus could generate the same amount of explosive force in a smaller volume (it provided 13 percent more compressive energy than Comp B). The children played in the snow. They ate it.. They would carry the initial reaction's light up to the array of 12 mirror towers built in an arc on the artificial 1-acre (0.40ha) shot island created for the event. The secondary's length is defined by the two pairs of dark-colored diagnostic hot spot pipes attached to the middle and left section of the device. Sputtering is the manifestation of the underdense plasma corona of the ablating hohlraum and the tamper surfaces. Boron also played a role in increasing the compressive plasma pressure around the secondary by blocking the sputtering effect, leading to higher thermonuclear efficiency. [16] The neutrons entered the assembly by a small hole[Note 10] through the 28cm thick 238U blast-heat shield. France managed the . [6]:317) The plastic's low molecular weight is unable to implode the secondary's mass. [8], The device was called SHRIMP, and had the same basic configuration (radiation implosion) as the Ivy Mike wet device, except with a different type of fusion fuel. The result was greatly increased fissioning of the uranium tamper and increased yield.[30]. The Castle Bravo Nuclear Test Was One of the United States' Deadliest by Caleb Larson Follow @calebmlarson on Twitter L For nuclear scientists, 1950s America was a dizzyingly exciting time to be . Date: Wednesday, March 1, 2017. The weapon used on March 1, 1954, remains the most powerful nuclear device detonated by the United States and had a yield equivalent of 15 megatons of TNT. On March 1, 1954 exactly 69 years ago Wednesday the military detonated this bomb at Bikini Atoll, a small . Its yield was 400 kilotons, and it could not be infinitely scaled, as with a true thermonuclear device. The Castle Bravo incident caused international consternation. Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty Organization.
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