He lobbied congressmen, compromised with logging and mining companies, and argued for a forest system in which these disparate groups could jointly pursue their interests. Hetch Hetchy was a beautiful valley in Yosemite. Controversy continues to swirl around the Hetch Hetchy Dam even now. It got its name from when TR exclaimed he felt "as strong as a bull moose". him was beyond question. The most prominent preservationist spokesman was John Muir.. West and East. For most of the year the waterfall offers a refreshing shower or cooling mist along with an amazing view. Amateur and professional. On the other, the drowned valley has become an oasis of solitude in a national park that, in many places, has come to resemble a shopping mall parking lot more than a nature reserve. o Social cohesion: individuals are part of a great web of social relationships, and each person's had particular strength in the West. Put another way, if Congress denied the city of San Francisco the Hetch Hetchy Valley, the California Progressive leaders suspected that it would only be a matter of time before the emerging Pacific Gas and Electric Company would grab the area. Report scam, HUMANITIES, Winter 2020, Volume 41, Number 1, The National Endowment for the Humanities, State and Jurisdictional Humanities Councils, HUMANITIES: The Magazine of the National Endowment for the Humanities, SUBSCRIBE FOR HUMANITIES MAGAZINE PRINT EDITION, Sign up for HUMANITIES Magazine newsletter, The Founder of the Appalachian Trail Imagined Something Even Grander, Chronicling America: History American Newspapers. Some opposed "bigness" because the considered it inefficient. Formerly called Buck Meadows Restaurant and Bar, the new caf crosses rustic-mountain flair with roadside cafe friendliness. To get the electricity they would need, they first built a smaller dam at Lake Eleanor. Legal walls must be built about them for defense, for every park will be attacked. You could then scuba ElCapitan down to the valley floor. San Franciscos water system could not adequately serve its growing population, and the dam presented a solution. 1902 in ordered the Justice Department to invoke the Sherman Antitrust Act against a new railroad monopoly in the NorthwestNorthern Securities Companyenterprise pieced together by J.P. Morgan and others. These helped to advance the The falls roar in spring and early summer. Some believed in working for reform through electoral politics, others favored militant direct action. Whom did the party nominate? William Howard Taft directly to the voters in general elections. Some argued that women needed to be able to vote especially if blacks, immigrants, and other "base" groups had access to the vote. Right next to the Lucky Buck Cafe, youll find the Yosemite Westgate Lodge and Buck Meadows Lodge. For western states, the most important target of reform energies was the federal governmentthey The Blackberry Inn Bed and Breakfast is just one of many welcoming businesses located on the way to Hetch Hetchy. It became a powerful movement within American Protestantism. o Some educated women shunned marriagewanted to stay active in the public world. He connected the new forests to his beloved national parks, he wrote of God in nature, he compared the commissions congressional opponents to yellowjackets in a horses ear. o Laws passed restricting lobbying by business interests in state legislatures. T he APUSH practice exam appearing below consists of thirty-five multiple-choice questions. Mirror Lakes famous spring-time reflections capture the eye and mind. What was the goal of the American Medical Association? Building the Hetch Hetchy dam in such a remote location was an enormous project. The glacially-carved U-shaped valley floor maximizes the amount of water stored in the reservoir. High value placed on education and individual accomplishment. Crusading journalists who began to direct public attention toward social, economic, and political Western states accused Cleveland of an imperialist land grab. End of the nineteenth century: National opinion divided between giving San Francisco the right to dam the valley and preserving the valley from development. Why did women's suffrage seem such a radical demand during progressive time? San Francisco could flood the valley and work began the following year. How did Roosevelt respond to Taft's presidency? Who was picked to be Roosevelt's successor? But during peak spring flow, the thundering waterfall can wash over the bridge making it dangerous to cross. needed to be tightly regulated by the federal government. Utopian vision of a Harvard forestry grad, Scam Advisory: Recent reports indicate that individuals are posing as the NEH on email and social media. Who was Jane Addams? Money became extremely tight. The grassroots organization of environmental activism, established by John Muir and his supporters, became a model for future environmentalists. After his second term, he retiredbrieflyfrom public life. What approach did W.E.B. Reformers viewed state legislatures as corruptincompetent, corrupt, controlled by party bosses. Direct Primary and Recall In an effort to build this support, he published his bookThe Yosemitein 1912. In 1908, Theodore Roosevelts Department of the Interior granted San Francisco the authority to dam the Tuolumne River in Hetch Hetchy Valley for use as a reservoir. Even a short stroll from the car gives a magnificent view of the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir from the OShaughnessy Dam. o Almost all income producing activity had moved out of the home and into the factory/office o Interest groups. Only a tiny proportion of Yosemites visitors explore this out-of-the-way corner of the national park. An advantage which Phelan, Pinchot and other supporters of the dam project enjoyed was a divided opposition. The walls of both are of gray granite, rise abruptly out of the flowery grass and groves are sculptured in the same style, and in both every rock is a glacial monument., (Source: Journal of Sierra Nevada History & Biography, Hetch-Hetchy, Natural History Before The Dam, Joe Medeiros), In defense of Hetch Hetchy, Muir crafted some of his most famous prose. o They agreed on the need for basic structural changes in the economy but differed in their approach. Was he a good choice? Explain. He felt reform was a vehicle for protecting it against radical challenges. As John Clayton writes, At the height of Progressivism, Phelan and other good-government types believed that the city should administer its own utilities. The story of these two icons of American environmentalism is told in John Claytons bookNatural Rivals: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the Creation of Americas Public Lands, published last August. Some argued society required a distinctive female "sphere"wives and mothers. Photo: Herbert W. Gleason courtesy of the Sierra Club. Hetch Hetchy represented the first great environmental controversy in the US, [10] and debate over the dam and reservoir continues today. The water winds between granite features like Kolana Rock and Hetch Hetchy Dome. John Muir knew that without public support, the Hetch Hetchy Valley would be lost. 4.9 (8 reviews) A reform movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor. o Nursing. How did Teddy Roosevelt become president? It limited the ability of individuals to control their own destinies. Nevertheless, some women, the new middle-class did enter professional careers. Roosevelt loved being president. It is 13 miles from the Yosemite National Park border and twice as close to the park than the town of Groveland. Garfield had granted San Franciscos request, but Ballinger ordered the city to show cause as to why Hetch Hetchy should not be deleted from their grant. RELATED: A Woman Started The Environmental Movement (Can It Continue?). Hetch Hetchy controversy: Definition. What was the most important source of reform in the West? [11] In the foreground, the deep still water of Hetch Hetchy Reservoir reflects sunshine, clouds and the proud shadows of the surrounding mountains. Briefly present an argument why ONE of the following developments was the most significant factor contributing to greater environmental conservation in the United States in the 1930s. movement. welfare is dependent on the welfare of society as a whole. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular high-walled valley within Yosemite National Park. or break up trusts at the state and national level. In 1908, by a wide margin, San Francisco voters approved building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. John Muir stands with President Theodore Roosevelt on Glacier Point in Yosemite National Park in 1903. And in a larger sense, the waters of California served as the converting agents. Chapter 28 Apush. Mining and logging interests railed against the plan. He discovered it a few of years later. Some clubs were important in winning passage of state (and ultimately federal) laws that regulated the food and drug industries, reformed policies with Native Americans, urban housing, manufacture and sale of alcohol, child labor laws, women's pensions. "Prohibition Law" declared it illegal to make, transport, or sell alcohol in the United States. He exerted firm control over his cabinet and delegated real authority only to those whose loyalty to o Declining family size The first targets were trusts (particularly the railroad). Ultimately, after Cleveland threw out a congressional bill to withhold appropriations for the Forest Commissions new reserves, the issue landed at the feet of President William McKinley. The people of San Francisco won and were able to build a reservoir in the valley. In 1896, the Democratic political platform. "Social justice" a kind of justice that goes beyond the individual, seeking justice for society as a whole. Level. Some claimed if women could vote war would become a thing of the pastcalming, maternal influence (WWI gave a final decisive push to suffrage). As surely as forests provided timber, so did they provide beauty, inspiration, and the renewal of over-citified spirits. o Recall: gave voters the right to remove a public official from office at a special electioncould WWI dramatically weakened the socialists. o Disputes over waterrivers and streams that crossed state lineswho controlled? What was the WCTU? If you love that insider feeling of discovering an often-overlooked gem, plan a stop at Buck Meadows on your way to or from Hetch Hetchy. In his political program known as "New Freedom," Woodrow Wilson believed trusts What impact did muckrakers have on the American public? Instead, the magnificence of a valley often described as Yosemite Valleys slightly smaller twin takes center stage. Bierstadts paintings and Muirs writings began to publicize the beauty of the Hetch Hetchy Valley. Prominent sponsors of the dam proposal, particularly (by then former) Mayor James Phelan and city engineer Marsdon Manson (and later his successor, Michael OShaughnessy), quietly lobbied key figures in the government, trusting that the appeal of municipal water and power would easily win supporters amid the prevailing progressive political climate. Most people turn around here anyway. Forests might provide for the material well-being of human beings, but they did not exist for this reason alone. What should be the fate of prairies, wetlands, or coastal marshes? John Muir devoted the last years of his life to opposing a dam at Hetch Hetchy.` They suggest that draining the reservoir and turning Hetch Hetchy Valley into a tourist center similar to Yosemite Valley could be worth up to $178 million per year. This valley was isolated and remote, twenty miles northwest of the original. Challenges to traditional partiesGreenbacks, Populism, Mugwumps (Independent Republicans) Secret ballotsprinted by the government and distributed at the polls to be filled out and deposited in secrethelped chip away at the power of the parties over voters. Albright, along with Stephen Mather, became instrumental players in the creation of a national park system three years after Congress decided the issue of Hetch Hetchy. o Secret ballot Describe the emergence of the "New Woman" at the end of the nineteenth century. Why did many progressives look towards reforming state governments? o Efforts to limit the power of the party and improve the quality of elected officials. Were they successful? o Reputation of a wild man o Member of New York legislature (young) 1920, suffragists won ratification of the Nineteenth Amendmentguaranteed political rights to women throughout the nation. Explain your answer. Rancheria Falls itself is a series of whitewater cascades that crashes through a narrow canyon on its way to the reservoir. Why did women's clubs begin? What was Roosevelt's policy towards labor? It pitted Gifford Pinchot, America's first forester, against John Muir, America's legendary conservationist. This can lead to algal blooms and decreased oxygen levels. The construction of the Hetch Hetchy Railroad took place from 1915 to 1918. They wanted a federal law making lynching illegal. Other forms of change: Tammany Hall: No BS! Between 1908 and 1913, Congress debated whether to make a water resource available or preserve a wilderness when the growing city of San Francisco, California proposed building a dam in the Hetch Hetchy Valley to provide a steady water supply. Her poetic descriptions of Hetch hetchy won her the attention of powerful members of Congress. Is your answer should exist only if they benefited the middle-class. If youre a poet, if youre religious or spiritual, or youre an artist, youre probably a Muir person. It pitted a powerful city against a dedicated group of conservationists. California needed secure, reliable access to drinking water for their burgeoning populations. Recall: Initiative and Referendum Direct Primary: As a consequence, visitors came to experience it for themselves. What one Secretary of the Interior giveth, another taketh away. "New woman"a product of social and economic changes Their distinct skills and conflicting views proved complementary, helping define the diversity of the American public lands system. Was everyone satisfied with the amendment? Muir would die just over a year later, and many would define Hetch Hetchy as the tragic climax of his life. What reform issues did Wilson not support? Morgan not used to being told "no". By 1919, 39 states had granted women the right to vote in at least some elections. These clean and comfortable rooms also enjoy access to the pool, spa and other facilities at Yosemite Westgate Lodge. party continued to develop. 1910 congressional elections brought progressive incumbents back to office (conservative Republicans What were the differing viewpoints of socialists regarding the economy? The Panic of 1907 was a relatively serious economic downturn in the United States caused by a New York credit crunch that spread across the nation and led to the closings of banks and businesses. In 1913, Woodrow Wilson appointed Lane his Secretary of the Interior. Many feared that we were headed for a timber famine in the next twenty years. demands of the groups. For Pinchot, nature was a resource that ought to be sustainably shared among the most people possible. suffered defeat). If youre especially in the mood to relax and let yourself be taken care of, The Blackberry Inn is a luxury bed and breakfast situated on 36 acres and surrounded by National Forest land. Secretary of the Interior, Ethan Allen Hitchcock, refused to give San Francisco a permit to build the dam. Preservationists led by John Muir and the Sierra Club argued that the valley should be protected against human. He read the book written by Upton SinclairThe JungleRoosevelt pushed for passage of the Meat Inspection Act. Would that be an improvement? The two have come to embody the conflicting philosophies at the heart of the American public land system: preservation vs. conservation. He produced at least four oil paintings of the valley one of which is prominently displayed in Mount Holyoke Colleges art museum. Muckraking magazinesnotably McClure's of the publisher S. S. McCluretook on corporate monopolies and political machines, while trying to raise public awareness and anger at urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, prostitution, and child labor. In March 1907, the stock market crashed because of over-expansion and poor speculation. Roosevelt knew that the Panic of 1907 and the divide between him and the conservatives in his party might make it hard for him to win the nomination of his party. Slow down and spend the day at Tenaya Lake a beautiful and easy-to-get-to alpine lake cupped by granite domes. Gifford Pinchot: A 2021 Lesson From Americas First Forester, Meet The Real Life Batman & Robin Of The National Parks, Natural Rivals: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the Creation of Americas Public Lands, Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism, Son of the Wilderness: The Life of John Muir, 10 EPIC Things to Do at Pinnacles National Park (Expert Guide) 2023, 25 MUST-SEE California Landmarks (Expert Guide + Photos). It was the second tallest dam in the U.S. at the time. many other states. (Source: American Rivers, How Dams Damage Rivers). Youll just need to see them for yourself. Who became the most powerful symbol of the reform impulse at the national level? How did their role change over time? What dramatically weakened the socialists? ~ The establishment of the Civilian Conservation Corps ~ The creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority ~ The onset of the Dust Bowl b. Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete. No picture of the giant sequoia trees in Yosemite National Park manages to fully capture their immense size and majesty. According to the philosophy of pragmatism, society should be guided by. What impact did it have on reform? Within three years, Congress had passed the Organic Act, formally defining the parks and creating a new federal agency, the National Park Service, with a mission: to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.. o New scholarly theories argued that the immigrants were polluting the nation's racial stock. Another popular trail crosses the OShaughnessy Dam and then takes a left turn to climb steeply out of the Hetch Hetchy valley. Learn what to expect from Mirror Lake in various seasons. By February 1908, confidence in the economy was restored. It was such an evening as I have never had before or since. This friendship was critical to the success of the National Forest Commission.
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