The Portuguese led the way to Sub-Saharan Africa and present-day China, India, Indonesia, but their first to market advantage didnt last long. This included the development of military professionals Learning Objective 3.4.D These are a good comparison of the methods by which various empires increased their influence from 1450-1750. The Aztec Empire is particularly known for its system of writing, which was based on glyphs, or symbols, that represented sounds and concepts. wealth sent from one country or ruler to another as a sign that the other is superior, religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society, English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval). Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned the Taj Mahal as a tomb for his wife. Although some existed before and after, most are confined to this time period. , g was "American Progress." The Ottomans were Sunni Muslims while the Safavids (1501-1736, Persia) were Shi'a Muslims. Why did this split intensify during the 1450-1750 time period? From the 16th to the early 20th centuries, the British Empire was centered in the British Isles. But some reasons include: Long-term conflict with other land-based powers, which focus attention on land-based concerns. As large empires started state expansion and centralization as they conquered land that was already home to natives, the natives resisted and fought back. The effects consisted of an increase of trade and the Americas got valuable traded goods. The shogunate also established a system of feudalism, in which the daimyo, or regional lords, were required to spend every other year in the capital, Edo (present-day Tokyo). Salvation came from faith alone and the Church could not determine your destiny. Without the slave trade, African kingdoms would have continued to strengthen and could have prevented centuries of turmoil in the region. Mountain men Eurasian empires had all gained access to gunpowder based weapons. Improved commercial practices led to trade to expand and expand the range of existing trade routes. Unit 4: Sea-Based Empires Compariso n 1450-1750 Use Pages 199-205 . \hline & & & & & & \\ The Aztecs were skilled metalworkers and weavers and produced many works of art and crafts in gold, silver, and other materials. \hline \text { Column 2 } & {10} & {348} \\ Free peasants affected by heavy debts often lost their land and were forced into serfdom. The Portuguese controlled some areas on the Indian Ocean network as they strong armed locals, but merchants continued to trade and migrate. Bureaucracy/Military (ex: Ottoman devshirme, salaried samurai) They were open to Mongol, Tibet and Muslim Religions and did not force their Chinese culture. In AP World History: Modern, Unit 4 spans from 1450 CE to 1750 CE and accounts for 12-15% of the material on the exam. They were called Cossacks. \hline \text { Groups } & {\text { Count }} &{\text { Average }} \\ Explain how & why various land based empires developed & expanded from 1450-1750 Land empires included the Manchu in Central & East Asia; the Mughal in South & Central Asia; the Ottoman in Southern Europe, the Middle East, & North Africa; and the Safavids in the Middle East 1c. Following the Xinhai Revolution, which ended imperial rule in China, the Qing Empire was dissolved in 1912. Label each word or phrase that is italicized to indicate its use in the sentence. Would\underline{\text{Would}}Would your cousin care to join us for lunch? The empire was also a center of learning and scholarship, with the establishment of several major universities and the support of scholars and intellectuals. North If they could fast a quicker route to Asia, profits would balloon and religious ideologies would spread. What are some examples of religious tolerance 1450-1700? Many tribes participated, although some sided with the English. What were the causes and impacts of the Columbian Exchange? The Cossacks under Yemelyan Pugachev rebelled against, South Asia, which includes modern-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, has a majority population of Hindus and a strong minority of Muslims. It was founded by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established himself as Emperor of the French and expanded the territory of the empire through military conquests. They were able to maintain their power as well as gain power by conquering lands. \text { Between } \\ What were the characteristics of the Safavid Empire? Indigenous communities were originally enslaved, but they were not a viable long term plan for free/cheap labor. They embraced "Divine Right" which claims that the king is God's representative on Earth and carries out his bidding. By 1450, Europeans were set on finding a faster route to Asia. , r to the interactive in the lesson for information on each group.) The Ottoman Empire was at its most powerful in the 16th and 17th centuries, when it ruled over much of southeastern Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa. 3. \end{array} & 2314.71 & 36 & 64.30 & & & \\ By 1450, more people were migrating in search of religious tolerance and economic opportunities. In an effort to genocide Indigenous culture, Europeans were encouraged to procreate with the Indigenous and African communities. The Aztec Empire came to an end in the 16th century, when it was conquered by the Spanish conquistadors, led by Hernn Corts. #traderace. Europeans built empires that stretched across oceans included territories in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Are there any areas in or around your school or neighborhood that are safety concerns? What is the mit'a system and how was it exploited by the Spanish empire? A trained Ottoman soldier in gunpowder weapons taken as a child and raised Muslim, AP World History Unit 3: Land-Based Empires, AP WORLD Chapter 35: Nationalism and Politica. What continuities in economic and labor systems existed in the 1450 to 1750 time period? Ruled from 1644 until 1911. Women in the Ottoman Empire also experienced some expanded freedoms. The effects consisted of increased warfare and wealth in West Africa as they traded goods for warfare. Investors were rapidly buying shares based on speculated costs that increased as demand increased. . Muhammad left no successor/Sunni = rightly guided person (Ottomans, Mughals)/Shi'a = blood relative of Muhammad (Shia) / Still split today! Land-Based Empires 1450-1750 CE Term 1 / 15 Europe Causes/Ways of Expansion Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 15 Monarchies gain pawer due to the end of the medieval period along with more literacy among the population, increasing development economically and centralization Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by Tokugawa, 1868. Advertisement New questions in History Previous Advertisement The Spanish conquered the Aztec Empire in the early 16th century, bringing an end to the Aztec Empire. What changes (political, social, cultural) occurred as a result of the Protestant Reformation? An internal challenge to power comes from people within the state such as citizens, enslaved people, or colonies. The population was increasing and this led to more demand for resources. As the slave trade expanded, some African Kings participated and shared profits. The Tokugawa period was also a time of cultural and artistic flourishing, with the emergence of several distinct artistic styles and the rise of a wealthy, urban merchant class. King on a raised platform surrounded by 700 Eunuchs; only approached lying down on the ground. Although the adopted political traditions in China, the Qing were committed to making the Manchu culture dominant. What did the Protestant Reformation continue? The Qing Empire was distinguished by a centralized government, a social hierarchy, and a bureaucratic rule system. Describe European maritime empires: French. As states expanded power, they were consistently met with resistance and rebellion. What were the characteristics of the Ottoman Empire? Manchu Empire, 1911. Queen Nzinga turned to the Dutch to help fend off the Portuguese. The economy became more centralized and industrialized, and the arts, including literature, theater, and the tea ceremony, flourished. Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 22 They blended Christian and Islamic faiths into their empire. Social classes in the Americas were based on race, which is a pivotal difference from the rest of the world. The Ottomans were patrons of the arts and encouraged the development of a distinct Ottoman style of art and architecture. Ultimately, the exchange of new food staples increased the population of Africa, but in parts of West Africa, the population suffered as people were taken. The Safavid Empire declined in the late 18th century and was eventually dissolved in the early 19th century. Santeria - West African faith + Roman Catholicism. The most immediate effect on indigenous communities was the massive depopulation caused by disease. In West Africa, European merchants and missionaries reached inland to the Kongo and Benin. Emperor who reigned from 1736-1795. It was also renowned for its architectural and artistic accomplishments, as well as its military prowess. The Americas are mostly defined by ethnic division during the period of 1450-1750. So states began to practice mercantilist policies, which limited imports and maximized exports. The Russian nobility, known as. William and Mary accepted joint powers with parliament and signed the English Bill of Rights. Use these abbreviations: subj.subj.subj. It showed his power and wealth. Why does it have these characteristics? Positive - new technologies and food European empires arose in 1450-1750 by conquering trade ports and lands from around the world. What methods were used by the Aztec Empire to collect taxes? Women were treated fairly, there was religious tolerance, and education was highly valued. These empires were different, but a few continuities remained. The decimation of lands and peoples made it difficult to preserve this history. . Missionaries Cash crops were profitable, but required a lot of labor. In the New World, work was done on plantations with slaves, communities were spread out, and there were natives. Who were typically indentured servants in this time period and how would that change in the 1750-1900 time period? The middle class included the military, scholars, and other bureaucratic groups. It came to an end in the early 20th century, following the First World War, when the empire was dissolved and its territory was divided into several new states. Unit 3: Land-Based Empires (1450-1750) Context Practice Instructions: Write a contextual statement for each of the prompts below. The British Empire was a major player in world affairs, helping to shape the modern world. This was the dominant religion in the Indian subcontinent and was the belief system of several land-based empires in India, including the Maurya Empire (321-185 BC) and the Mughal Empire . The Russian Empire is particularly known for its contributions to the fields of science and technology, as many notable scientists and inventors, including Mikhail Lomonosov and Dmitry Mendeleev, worked and studied in Russia during this time. Sikhism was a persecuted religion under the Mughals and beyond. How did joint-stock companies allow European states to consolidate and maintain power in their colonies? Columbus was an all around terrible human being that committed mass genocide, but he gets the namesake of this era because his voyage kicked off a new global trading system. (Refe The name of the paintin Through a 8 year conquest moving east ward and stopping at Russia. Before 1492, the Americas were isolated from Africa, Europe, and Asia. Followed proper Islamic styles but used the idea of magic. Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate power in land based empires. They gave lower class white workers. Only the bible could lead you to salvation. The most dramatic social changes happened in the Americas because of the influx of Europeans, decimation of Indigenous, and explosion of the African slave trade. Relying on overland trade was too slow and you couldnt bring all that many goods with you on a camels back. Positive - populations increased, food supply increased, livestock altered the environment and provided Which neurotransmitter is inhibited in panic disorders? The demand for exploration led to new technological innovations. The last stand against colonization was led by Metacom, also known as his colonial name King Phillip. Organizing a society is essential to maintaining stability within an Empire. Answer:The fact that the Ottoman Empire became more prominent from 1450 to 1750 had a great impact on global trade networks and in the way trade was conducted in the area. However, there was a business opportunity in the search for resources. This kept more money in the bank at any given time. After him (not directly) Aurangzeb forbade Hindus and and reversed Akbar's policies. Contextualizing the Unit (1450 to 1750) Before 1450, regional trade was all the rage as the Silk Roads, Indian Ocean network, and Trans-Saharan routes exploded with more merchants and goods flowing. Tax (ex: Mughal zamindar tax collection, Ottoman tax farming), used movable type to print, increased literacy and helped spread the Reformation, First absolute tsar of Russia who crushed the boyars, giving him a bad reputation, emperor of Qing dynasty, greatly expanded China's borders. What are the various methods used by land based empires to collect taxes in this era? 2. By the 1670s, the colonists and Natives had largely co-existed. Stopped crusades and expanded Islam. How did they deal with political and religious disputes? The Ming Dynasty is also known for its cultural achievements, including the construction of the Forbidden City in Beijing and the completion of the Great Wall of China. How did they deal with political and religious disputes? Advanced technologies, the finding of the New World, and knowledge of monsoon winds and currents. This guide was updated to align with the new course! Utilization of religious ideas to solidify rule. It was founded by Ismail I, who established the Safavid Dynasty and declared Twelver Shia Islam the official religion of the empire. The Safavid Empire was a major regional power and had a significant influence on the culture and history of the Middle East. Ottoman devshirme, salaried samurai), After kicking out the Mongols, Russians reclaimed their land, Ivan IV started to expand until they reached the Pacific Ocean, Ottomans enslaved young Christian boys from Southeastern Europe and converted them to Islam, worked for the Ottoman government, a local official in Mughal India who received a plot of farmland for temporary use in return for collecting taxes for the central government, Belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from god (popular in European monarchies), A government in which power is concentrated in a central authority to which local governments are subject, A large, complex organization composed of appointed officials. He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. New technology More exploration Columbian Exchange, New foodstuffs increased the population everywhere, Except for the Americas where disease decimated everyone , Migration of people Spread of religion, new syncretic cultures, Integration of the west trade was actually global new Maritime (sea-based) powers, Mercantilism & capitalism became predominant economic policies, The new global economy had long-lasting effects, European middle class gained wealth Industrialization possible, Prosperity funding for arts and architecture, Slave trade intensified as demand for labor increased, Other coerced systems created (encomienda, mita), Social class based on race & ethnicity, first time ever, Transport paid in exchange for 7 years of unpaid labor, Development of European colonies overseas, Opening of new trade routes over the Atlantic and Pacific, Population growth, which increased demand for goods, Vodun - West African spiritualism brought to caribbean, Candomble - dance to honor the gods, Bantu + Brazil, Virgin of Guadalupe - Indigenous + Catholic, Queen Nzingas rebellion in modern-day Angola, Pueblo & Apache Revolt in present-day New Mexico, Gloucester County Slave Rebellion (Virginia), Glorious Revolution (Catholic vs. Protestant in England). The Safavid Empire was an eastern Islamic state that existed from the early 16th to the mid-18th centuries. The Spanish empire then used it as labor. As serfs, they were completely tied to the land and sold when the land sold. The Dutch Empire began to decline in the 19th century. They took the title "Caliph" to show they were the legitimate successors of Muhammed. However in 1675, Metacom mounted one last effort to drive the British off the Native land. How did leaders legitimize their rule through architecture 1450-1700? By 1450, Europeans were set on finding a faster route to Asia. How did the Ottoman Empire (c. 1300-1922), in Middle East & Southern Europe centralize their bureaucracies? Organized people into 10, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, 5,000 and 10,000 led by local officials. It came to an end in the mid-19th century, as the British East India Company gained more and more control over India and eventually took control of the Mughal Empire. They had religious tolerance as different religions were allowed. However, the legacy of the French Empire lives on in the many countries that were influenced by French culture and institutions during this time. Below the royals was a second class of the nobility, a small wealthy group that owned most of the land. 4. They ruled with aristocrats who were elected based on merit and their power was controlled. They had a strong military with production of gunpowder and firearms. The demand for chattel slavery increased as demand for labor increased. At this time, wealth was measured by how much gold or silver a country had on hand. The French Empire is known for its cultural achievements and its impact on European politics and history. The Sultans ruled the top of the pyramid and had powers to grant rewards to favored groups, such as soldiers. As colonists expanded plantations, many regions suffered from deforestation, soil depletion, and a strain on water sources. After studying on your own, invite some friends to a, The Ming and Qing Dynasty in modern China, The Mughal Empire in modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, The Safavid Empire in modern Iran and Iraq, The Ottoman Empire (some parts of the Ottoman Empire were in Europe) in modern Turkey, Egypt, Syria and Jordan, Aztec Empire (also known as the Mexica, for the dominant cultural group within the empire). Trade between Europe and Asia had to go through the Mediterranean, which was controlled by Italian city-states. Negative - no immunity to new diseases, slave rebellion, environmental issues from the new technologies and food. Explorers also tried to proselytize others. This is whats known as the. 95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. It caused labor shortages and spread Christianity as well as colonization. The work of harvesting cash crops and mining silver was labor intensive. West The Portuguese were a growing empire as they conquered trading routes and expanded their access to trade. to collect taxes? How did the Mexica Aztec justify imperial rule? Mughals, 1857. The Mughal Empire ruled over much of the Indian subcontinent at its peak, including modern-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and parts of Afghanistan. It was the world's largest country by land area, covering more than one-sixth of the planet's land surface, and the third most populous. Mercantilism is an economic practice where empires use their economies to grow in state power. How did social hierarchies change in this time? . How was the development of Maritime Empires influenced by ethnic divisions and racist institutions? Although the population of Africa ultimately increased because of increased food resources, in some regions the population declined as slaves were kidnapped. Joint-stock companies allowed financed exploration which led to finding and conquering lands which expanded their power. The Mughal Empire was a Muslim dynasty that ruled India from the early 16th to the mid-19th century. The expansion of trade on a global scale expanded both the upper elite class and the lower labor class. It is a Spanish estate, sometimes could be a plantation, mines, or factories. China and Japan has isolationist policies as it motivated the desire to prevent forgein influences to disrupt their core values. How did this affect ideas of government? The caraval, carrack and fluyt were all new technologies that helped countries increase their access to sea trade and travel. These were empires, and, while each empire was run slightly differently with different systems of administration or taxation or military technology, they were absolute monarchies. __________________, The last imperial dynasty of China. The changes in economic policy and increased trade led to innovations in finances, business, and banking. 1453: Ottoman Conquest of Constantinople, Rise of the Ottoman Empire, 1471: Completion of the Sun Temple in Cuzco, rise of the Inca Empire, 1526: Guru Nanak founded the first Sikh Community, 1682: Palace of Versaille completed in France, 1707: Death of Emperor Aurangzeb, weakening of the Mughal Empire, New military weapons make wars more decisive, Increase in the size and number of Empires, Administrative systems more resources to expand, Collapse of Nomadic Empires room for landed empires to expand, Continued spread of major religions associated with empires.
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