Kakochang Waterfalls, { var layer = $(this); A Bodo house is seldom distinguishable from the Assamese houses. Their main occupation are agriculture and buffalo rearing. Tribes of Ass 429 Ahom kingdom was laid at Sivasagar, the whole ex ante to the east of SiMansiri and Disang in the north bank of Brahrflaputra was under the Chutia kingdom. $(this).css('display', 'block'); [5], The earliest mention of the Misings comes from the Ahom Buranjis in the early 17th century, when the Misings were still independent hill-tribes to the north of the Brahmaputra valley. We encourage you to visit them, and subscribe to their list for . Deuris The Deuris are a branch of the Chutiyas which belong to the Bodo race. Assam would be one of the most socially, ethnically diverse . Ali-Ay-Lgang is a festival marking the beginning of the sowing season, and marks the start of a new agricultural calendar. 1987 Economic and Political Weekly Entertainment during the celebrations is open to everyone, young and old, of the village, and invitations are also extended formally to many guests, including some people of neighbouring villages, to join the celebrations. Married women will wear the segrek, a loose piece of cloth, wrapped round the waist to cover the ege down to the knees. "@type": "Question", Explore best destinations with our experts. var cloned = el.clone(); On the basis of the meaning of the Mi and RI, it can be presumed that, Miri means Hills-Man. The Kuki people are an ethnic group native to the Mizo Hills (formerly Lushai), a mountainous region in the southeastern part of Mizoram and Manipur in India. ABSTRACT The Misings were earlier known as Miri, as the term was used by non-missing people of Assam, which is a conjunction of two missing words-Mi and RI, where Mi denotes man and I Hill. In the districts of Goalpara, Darrang and Kamrup where a great number of this tribe has settled, they have been subjected to conversion or a gradual process of assimilation so that there is hardly any differences between the Assamese other backward classes and the Rabhas. According to some scholars the Bodos were the first Agricultural nomed who have entered this part of the world and introduced agriculture and irrigation. These tribes are divided into two main sub-divisions: those who live in the hills and those who live on the plains. The climate is also ideal for wildlife safari in Kaziranga National Park (UNESCO World Heritage Site) and hill stations like Haflong, Diphu, and Maibang. The spring has formed a lake and people can enjoy boating there. The reason for this change of habitat is not known, but one theory says that the Misings presently living in plains of Assam were not one single tribe, but it evolved into one when many tribes from various Tani tribes of Arunachal Pradesh migrated to the plains of Assam. Rabhas The ethnic origin of the Rabhas is Mongoloid. Fakial males make Potteries, wooden and bamboo artifacts etc and make extra earnings by selling them. But, in the post-Ahom era their life style showed considerable influence of the Ahoms and other neighbouring tribes. They are considerably backward in education. The most popular form of songs among them are called Oinitam. "@type": "FAQPage", It is a very expensive three-day festival (reduced to two days or even one these days, depending on the extent of preparation on the part of the organizers in terms of items of food and drinks) and so held once in two-to-three years or so. Basumatary, the largest sub-tribe of Boro also means Sons of the Soil. itemWidth:300, Ram-sa (Ram's people) is the name by which Kacharis living in the plains were known to their brethren in the hills. Majuli Island
5. Garos- A tribe of the north-east. The principal hill tribes of Assam are Karbis and Dimasa, who inhabit the Karbi Anglong and Dima Hasao districts of Assam. Fakial males wear a stripped piece of cloth on the waistline to cover the lower part of the body and stripped shirt for the upper part. According to the 2001 census, the Scheduled Tribes population as in percentage of the total population of Assam was 12.4 percent. Located on the border of Assam and Meghalaya, the place has a rustic charm and offers everything that is needed to rejuvenate the mind and soul of a weary city dweller. ", }, Moreover, apart from the husbands of the women so invited, a group of young men and women, who can sing and dance, is expected to accompany each of them. Last edited on 29 November 2022, at 03:08, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tribes_of_Assam&oldid=1124515474, This page was last edited on 29 November 2022, at 03:08. Bini - These are lullabies sung either at home or in the field, taking babies to places of work. [citation needed], Marriages amongst the Misings take place in four ways: formal marriages through negotiation (Midang), marriage by elopement (Dugla-lanam), marriage through a very simple ceremony, and marriage by force (Kumna-sola-lanam; this was not a practice of the Mising tribe but was the mentality of the parents like other people too). Surrounded by the thick forests, this place holds an important role in the livelihood of the locals. A Bodo youth can earn a bride by serving in her family. nextText:">", Dhubri 70,395 6,332. The celebrations begin with the heads of families sowing ceremonially rice paddy seeds in a corner of their respective rice fields in the morning hours and praying for crop abundance. Each of these tribes is settled in a contiguous region and has a distinct identity and folklore. Drums and cymbals are the usual musical instruments for the dances. from these common properties. The rabhas practise monogamy. They maintained their own distinct tribal culture, traditions, taboos, social systems which were quite different from the people of the valley. The sons get the paternal properties and the daughters get the maternal assets. The Rabha women-folk love the amber colour for their oostume which consists of three pieces. , { During Baikhu the youth sing Sathar songs to the accompaniment of Kara flute and singa. The Kuki constitute one of several hill tribes within India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. The Bodo dance Doudini Mochanai (dance of the Doudini, the oracle-like dancer in the festival of the Kherai, the symbol of Shakti) gave rise to Deodhani Nritya prevalent in Assam. The Bodo are very rich in classical music. Its also one of the most famous hill stations in Assam for trekking, hiking, and other adventure sports. layer.css('cursor', 'pointer').on('click', function(e) { [citation needed] The Mising people inhabiting by the plains believe Gu:mn as one of the earliest ancestors, the forefather of a lineal family of Abotani. Executive councillor (EC) from 36 constituency are elected democratically while 4 other members are represented by the ruling government of Assam. This has an amplifying effect on the air of joy that the festival exudes. var el = $(this); The warp consists of cotton spun into thick and strong yarn, and the weft of cotton turned into soft yarn and cut into small pieces for insertion, piece by piece, to form the fluff. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. In an email interview with FORWARD Press, Uttam Bathari, who belongs to the Dimasa tribe and teaches History of Medieval and Modern Assam in Gauhati University, lays out the complex ground realities and historical injustices that the governments of the past have overlooked: . Table 1 presents the district-wise distribution of the tribal population of Assam according to the 1991 Census (the corresponding breakdown of the 2001 Census is not yet available), officially classified into two mutually exclusive categories: the Hill Tribes and the Plains Tribes. Delightful South Weekend Tour 3D/2N Package @ Rs 4,999, Marvelous Gujarat Tour 3D/2N Package @ Rs 4,999. var metaslider_57782 = function($) { They also have a dialect. There has been a drastic decline of the gadu craft during the years after independence because of the availability of inexpensive blankets in the market. $('#metaslider_57782 .msHtmlOverlay').each(function() { The Tiwas worship different Gods and Goddesses celebrating festivals, in different time of the year. Marriage is prohibited within the same clan. Mising folktales speak of an ambush of Burmese soldiers by Misings on the Brahmaputra, implying Misings were established in Assam before the Burmese invasions of 1817. All clothes the Mising wear are woven by the women of the household. mention two hill tribes of assammartin et julien bouchet biathlon. Assam History. animationSpeed:600, After conquering the Chutia kingdom, the Ahoms appointed a few prominent Chipas as important officials in the kings court and established marital ties with them. Kakochang Waterfalls" In older times, Mishing and other Tani people traded swords and other metals to Tibetans in exchange for meat and wool and used Tibetan language for written communication as they had no written language of their own. Now they live mainly in North Cachar Hills, Silchar Sub-division, plains of Karbi Anglong, flagaon district, Twenchang and Dimapur of Nagaland and Dhan#In area. has Scheduled Tribes . }); The tea tribes form a distinct population of Assam and are . The Union Cabinet has approved Scheduled Tribe (ST) status to six communities of Assam namely Tai Ahom, Koch Rajbongshi, Chutia, Tea Tribes, Moran and Matak. Kebang now denotes any organization, similar to sabha and sangha in other Indian languages. "@type": "Question", The most prominent Mising villages in Arunachal Pradesh include Oyan, Namsing, of East Siang district. In most villges all the villagers share the spoil of individual hunt, however small the game may be. Best Time To Visit: November-MarchFamous For:Home to the important buildings of Assam, Suggested Read: River Rafting In Assam: A Thrilling Experience In The Heart of Brahmaputra. In 1973, this magnificent hill station was given the title of Assams capital and later it became a home to some important buildings like Assam Secretariat, State Emergency Operations center and State Assemble House. The themes and beauties of the Bodo music and dance reveal their mode of life and attitude towards nature. At the death of a dear one, the women burst out into a sort of cry and song which for an outsider may sound funny. Those who are planning to visit in November, must attend Chavang Kut, which is a famous and colourful harvest festival of Haflong. They also celebrate Magh Bihu. Today a small percentage of their population have different categories of jobs, especially in the public sector, small trading, etc. The surreal beauty of this town is well preserved and people come here to witness the untouched beauty of Assam. Most of the Misings today reside in the districts of Dhemaji and Lakhimpur, bordering Arunachal Pradesh, while a significant number is present in the Majuli district as well. Economic and Political Weekly Fakials are followers of Buddhism. They live in Assam, Nagaland and its near by areas. orig_width: 300 They would prefer Karbi Anglong, West Karbi Anglong and Dima Hasao to be separated from Assam to save the hill tribe people from being politically exterminated. Formal marriages amongst them appear to have been influenced to a great extent by the practice of such marriages amongst their neighbors in the valley. Sedi then created Diling, whose descendant Pedong gave birth to Dopang, Domi and Doshing. A progressive section of them came to be known as Hindu-Chutiyas by embracing Hinduism and they also enjoyed higher caste status even in the traditional society. It is represented by a Siju plant. Bongaigaon 82,784 18,835. The article examines the ideological framework and the principal concerns and inter- ests that underline the colonial policy towards the hill 'tribes' of Northeast India. Perched on the spectacular North Cachar Hill, Umrangso is amongst the most scenic hill stations in Assam. The Deuris have Deodhani who predicts about the prosperity or malady of the villages through the oracle. This town is also famous for the petrochemical industry. As per historians, the Mishings came down to the plains in two groups, the Barogam and the Dohgam. The demand of the hill people of Karbi Anglong and North Cachar hill districts for an autonomous state in Assam is rooted in the long history of similar movements in the north-east which have led first to the separate state of Nagaland, then Mizoram and later the constitutional experiment with an autonomous tribal state which became Meghalaya. The sole responsibility for organizing the festival is vested in a body of young men and women, called Meembir-yamey (literally, young women-young men). Their biggest festival of the year is Baikhu. "@type": "Question", The art and architecture of Dimasa people are very much developed. Compare & customize quotes before booking. When they get an exceptionally good harvest they celebrate Narasinga Bihu. Their primal God is Bathow or Sibrai. The Deuris attach much importance and mystery to their religion. Borali Range and Orchid Garden are other tourist attractions you can visit. They 447. believe Pha to be Shiva. The traditional chief of a Mising village was called a Ga:m. He presided at the sittings of the village council, the Kebang, which deliberated upon different matters concerning the wellbeing of the village as well as complaints of individual members or groups in the community. The baby is tied to the back of the mother or the young babysitter. With the advent of each spring, every mising village is plunged into gay abandon. They gave up some of their original tribal habits such as eating pigs, rearing fowls and speaking their own Dimasa language. According to the list of scheduled tribes in the Indian constitution [order, 1950(a)], there are 23 tribes (14 Hills and 9 Plains) in Assam. The Barmans are actually a group of the Dimasas. The Mising bury their dead. A traditional Mising house is stilted. $(e.target).closest('a').length) { There was a time when the Murong or bachelors dormitory played a very vital role in their society particularly during the Porag festival. Known to be the capital of Assam, Dispur is blessed with some of the beautiful views to admire and also unique traditions to experience. Instead may be worn a Gero: a sheet, usually off-white, wrapped round the waist to cover the lower part of the body, or round the chest to cover the body down to the knees or so, or a seleng gasor: a light cotton sheet, worn occasionally instead of a ri:bi or a gaseng. Reside mainly along the banks of river Suwansiri and Assam-Arunachal border near Sadiya. They are all blood-related brothers with a social restriction of the matrimonial relationship among them. Weaving is a household industry of the Barmans. Miri, on the other hand, is an exonym commonly applied by plains Assamese people. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Your email address will not be published. For this reason, this place is also called the Manchester of the East. There is also a historical cave and Bhageshwari temple which showcases the history of the place. The same way, the Poligars in north Arcot revolted in 1801-1805, the Faraizis, a muslim-sect in 1838-57, the Wagheras in Gujrat in 1818-19, the Ramosis in western Ghats in 1822, the Naikda, a forest tribe in Gujrat in 1868, and the Koya and Konda hill tribes near Madras Presidency in 1840, 1845, 1861, 1862 and finally in 1882 covering an area . Fakials Fakial is a small tribe of Assam. Misings 1110 Misings are said to came from the northern hills. Best Time To Visit: October-MayFamous For:Historical architectures and caves, Suggested Read: 8 Godly Places To Visit In Guwahati In May On Your Assam Trip. The biggest differences between the two populations are their separate accents, clothes, customs, and traditions. However all Misings speak the same language and follow similar rituals, so most consider them to be a single community. First published in 1949 as the Economic Weekly and since 1966 as the Economic and Political Weekly, EPW, as the journal is popularly known, occupies a special place in the intellectual history of independent India. Which are the places that I should include on my trip to Assam? Hoollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary
6. Manas National Park 3. Some of the places to include in ones trip to Assam are: 1. Though basically Hindu, Christianity is silso making inroads into the Garo Society. ", slideshow:false, The ChutiOs were are the worshippers of Kesaikhati Gosani. An important consequence of the spread of British administration in the hills of Assam was undoubtedly the arrival of missionaries, which led to . Likewise the men wear poho (a stylish turban), leko (necklace made of pearls), and tssoi (decorative shirts). "text": "Diphu is situated at a distance of 270 km from Guwahati and one can either take a taxi or travel by train as there is a local railway station in Diphu." NE Insurgency: The Religious Dimension. Traditionally Garo womenfolk used to wear a shirt and a broad cloth covering the. Masira Koh/r, Karbi Keplang, Hachakekan, Chabin Aalun, Rong Kekim, Osa Kebu Aaiun, Thelu Aalun, Haimu Aaiun etc., stories and idioms. At present the Deuris are mainly found in Lakhimpur and Sivasagar district. The Misings follow their own traditions, called Donyi Polo, the Sun and the Moon God. spotsylvania county schools food service mention two hill tribes of assam. Presumably the Sonowal Kacharies spoke the Bodo language originally, although in due course of time alongwith the assimilation of the group with other tribes and the Ahoms, .the Sonowal Kacharies adopted the Assamese as their mother tongue. Their contribution to the Music of Assam is very significant. They prefer rice beer to water evenwhile quenching thirst. The use of endi yarn, obtained from worms fed on leaves of castor-oil plants, was once common amongst them. Sivasagar 42,347, 49,039, Sonitpur 1,09,130 2,32,207, Tinsukia 37,688 82,066, Udalguri 37,844 2,67,372, ASSAM 22,31,321 38,84,371, Sown Final Population Totals, Assam, 2011. The Misings are a patrilineal and patriarchal society and so, as per customary law, only the male children are entitled to inherit the property of a family. "@type": "Answer", }); Dibrugarh 58,876 1,02,871, Goalpara 45,094 2,31,570, Golaghat 62,298 1,11,765, Hailakandi 70,659 691, Jorhat 88,665 1,39,971, Kamrup 1,07,827 1,82,038. This little hill station is known for stone carvings and sculptures of the Kachari dynasty and sparkling waterfalls cascading down the verdant slopes. Umrangso is 104 km from Haflong, a 4-hour-long scenic drive through Jowai and Shillong Hills can take you there. The similarities between the culture and lifestyle of Assam and South Eastern Countries will amaze you too. When a boy is in love with a girl and intends to marry her, but cannot afford the cost of a formal marriage, or expects some opposition to the marriage from some quarter, or would like to start a conjugal life without delay, he chooses elopement with the girl as the best option. Now-a-days the village library, village club have taken the place of the traditional Deka Chang. In some functions they even use pigeon, vermillion and payas i.e. "mainEntity": [ Assam has a population of 31.1 million. God-fearing Karbis have both Hindus and Christians among them. In 1615, the Misings raided Ahom territory and the force sent to subdue them failed. "@type": "Answer", The Chutiyas, a hill tribe, was absorbed by the Ahoms. While they were on the final leg of their journey, they were . The Economic and Political Weekly, published from Mumbai, is an Indian institution which enjoys a global reputation for excellence in independent scholarship and critical inquiry. ] Lereli - Occasionally, all sections of Mising people indulge in singing and dancing lereli in sheer fun and merriment, especially at meeting old friends. The Sonowal Kacharies reside mainly in the districts of Dibrugarh, Lakhimpur and Sivasagar. Their priests are called Jonthai and the main priest is called Gissia. mention two hill tribes of assam. window.open(layer.attr('data-link'), layer.attr('data-target')); Even now Mising women weave cloths, using muga and paat silk, very sparingly. They also become followers of Mahapurush Srimanta Shankardevas Namdharma. Young girls wear white clothes. The wooden items they make include their boat-shaped mortar and the pestle, and, of course, canoes, so indispensable for riparian people living in flood-prone areas. }); The Mising line down from the northern hills taking the western bank of It Dihing river and settled at first at the foot hills from the I )0 ling on the east to Sisi On the west. It has been the living place of various races, tribes and ethnic groups since time immemorial. Besides, it was the Bodos who introduced sericulture in Assam. The granary is built a little close to the house and a cowshed too would not be far away. All visual content is copyrighted to its respectful owners. } 3. of India, constitute an important ethnic group in the hill areas of Assam. We will also call you back in 24 hrs. Gangtok & Darjeeling Tour Package 5D/4N @ Rs 13,000. This commonality was also recognized by educated Misings in the early 20th century. British administrators also tried to force many Misings back to the hills into their old subordinate status. The census was not conducted in Assam in 1981 because of op- In points of rhytms pause, movement and clarity of appeal the Bodo classical dances have close similarities with the classical dances of North-Eastern India. Kaban - It is one of the oldest forms of Mising folk songs. However, when the British pacified the hill tribes, the Misings were able to live in peace in the plains.[6]. Young men and women participate in the occasion by singing and dancing at night in the courtyard of every household in the villages to the accompaniment of drums, cymbals, and a gong. However, they make almost all the tools required for their day-to-day life, such as baskets, carry bags, trays, boxes, fish traps of various kinds, hencoops, etc., using bamboo and cane as material. There is also community Ahbangs generally used in Pobua or Porag, a ritual festival, praying for better crops, health and happiness. Believers of rebirth or re-incarnation, its a common practice among the Karbis to name the grandchild after their grandparents, who they believe have taken rebirth. slideshowSpeed:3000, Ali-Ay means seeds in a row, and Lgang means sowing of seeds. It has a variety of themes ranging from romance, humour, tragedy, and socio-cultural motifs. There is a custom of not to mix up maternal properties with paternal properties. Other hill tribes that inhabit Assam are Garos, Hajongs, Hmars, Khasis . The house is usually a two roof affair erected on the ground with scanty ventilation. Some fifty tribes of Kuki peoples in India are recognised as scheduled . Mising villages are generally large in size, consisting of around fifty-to-sixty households on an average. $('#metaslider_57782').metaslider_scale_layers({ It elaborates on an argument that the colonial spatial ordering of the region privileges the valleys over the hills. They are also not known for carpentry. Suggested Read: Our Ultimate Experiences On A Romantic Trip To North East. For more than five decades EPW has remained a unique forum that week after week has brought together academics, researchers, policy makers, independent thinkers, members of non-governmental organisations and political activists for debates straddling economics, politics, sociology, culture, the environment and numerous other disciplines. Although no violence occurred between Misings and non-Misings, however some non-Mising unions clashed with the police. "text": "November to March is the best time to visit Assam." The capital of Assam is Dispur and the state emblem is one-hoed rhino. Apart from the serene beauty of this little town, this place also offers a wide range of scope to adventure enthusiasts. The troupe accepts from each household offers of rice beer and fowls. Manas National Park
3. In the most common form, the younger male members of a village beat the walls of every house in the village from one end to the other with big sticks to drive away the ghosts and goblins hiding in nook and corner and perform the sacrificial rite at some distance away from the village, and hold a feast there. Their religious life in the valley has thus assumed a fully syncretistic character. The Mising women are good weavers. "text": "Yes, it is safe to visit Assam but it is advised to not roam around by oneself late at night." As regards costumes there is wide gap between that used by the Bodos, living at the foot of the Bhutan Hills and the one used by the Bodo of other locations. The Karbi literature comprises mainly of songs viz. Formal marriages are arranged through two or three stages of negotiation, but although arranged by parents or guardians, the marriage of a boy and a girl totally unknown to each other, would be very rare. The last one, in which a man makes a woman his wife against her will by whisking her away from someplace and starting to live together, is no longer in practice. They came down to the plains, began living with the non-tribals and adopted some of the. Mising is an endonym and literally means "man of the soil." There is a youth organisation of boys and girls in Dimasa society to work in a co-operative system which is called Hangdao. While most of India . One should plan a trip of at least 5 days to cover the various places in Assam. G. Arob N. D,/57 25-9-58-1,00,000 CASTE, T Naga tribes and the Assamese flourished in the weekly haats or village markets that were held the Assam-Naga Hills border areas. "@type": "Answer", The villages subsist on agriculture. Ramsa-Aroi; The clan is Ramsa folk. The Misings belong to the greater group of Tani people, who speak Tibeto-Burmese languages of the Sino-Tibetan family, inhabiting parts of the Indian states of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh and Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Midang Nitom - This is usually sung at the time of ushering in a bride to her new home, often in order to tease her. Tibetans refers the Tani people as the Lhobhas (Tibetan: .mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}); lho means south and bha means people, Lhobhas means "southerners" i.e. Kamakhya Temple
4. From the north of this district, River Brahmaputra flows while the west side of the place is covered by the snow capped mountains. Kamakhya Temple 4. Baksa 73,083 3,31,007. The 14 Hills tribes are Chakma, Dimasa, SC 84.,ST Population of ,Assam, 2011 - District Scheduled Castes (SC) Scheduled Tribes (ST) population of Assam Baksa 73,083 3,31,007, Barpeta 95,320 27,344, The Mising were also kii()wn as Miris. With the beautiful views, Morigaon makes a great place for embracing the enchanting beauty of nature. Of course, gradually. Have Questions? If you own the rights to any of the images, and do not wish them to appear on TravelTriangle, please contact us and they will be promptly removed. minItems:1, The state lies beneath the foothills of the Eastern Himalayas and is bounded on the north by Bhutan (the land of the Bhutiyas) and Arunachal Pradesh (formerly known as NEFA and the land of Adis, Dafflas, Miris, Mishimis and Appatanis - all hill tribes of Mongolian origin); to the east by Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, and Manipur (an ancient Hindu kingdom); to the south by Mizoram (the . Clause 6 of the Assam Accord states, "Constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards, as may be appropriate, shall be provided to protect, preserve and promote the cultural, social, linguistic identity and heritage of the Assamese people."One of the points in the advertisements published by the high-level committee reads as: "Reservation of seats in Parliament, Assam . According to Kriti Kapila (2008: 121), 'The two categories, caste and tribe - and the lists of groups so classified - were taken directly from the Census of India of 1931, which was conducted under the direction of J.H. Abstract The British became de facto ruler of Assam since 1826; though they did not annex the whole of North-east India instantaneously, they dictated the terms of political domination towards the hill tribes to suit their economic and political interest.
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