Descriptive: Toponym that derives from physical features Associative: toponym- Example- mill river (mill on the river) Incident: Ex battle creek (toponym) Possessive: named for a person, perhaps founder. The names of metro rail stations in Dubai were sold to corporate sponsors as a form of advertising for them and revenue generation for the transit authority. They are 13 econyms, 2 hydronyms, one oronym, and 17 nekronyms. Other towns are given commendatory or praising names like Pleasant Valley. Toponyms occur in both spoken and written languages and represent an important reference system used by individuals and societies throughout the world. orange grove workers increases? There are nine categories of toponyms: Category Examples Descriptive toponyms Rocky Mountains, Chicago (Stinking Onions . << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. A bench in a small square just inside the medieval town gate at Chepstow. A toponym is the name of a place. Other toponyms include duffel bag (Duffel, Belgium), sardines (the island of Sardinia), and paisley (Paisley, Scotland). They are also important because toponyms solidify our knowledge of home, or our sentiment toward certain places. Most expressions we now use concerning the people of Holland are harmless, such as Dutch door, double Dutch, and Dutch oven, but previously, terms containing Dutch were the idiomatic equivalent of a Polack joke. In an announcement about the change the US Secretary of the Interior declared: With our own sense of reverence for this place, we are officially renaming the mountain Denali in recognition of the traditions of Alaska Natives and the strong support of the people of Alaska.. Shift names include relocated. Types of toponym include agronym (the name of a field or pasture), dromonym (the name of a transportation route), drymonym (the name of a forest or grove), econym (the name of a village or town), limnonym (the name of a lake or pond), and necronym (the name of a cemetery or burial ground). A smarmy student might tell a teacher, Youre looking even more lovely than usual today, with a big smile. In some small ways place name injustices in North America and elsewhere are being undone as features and places once named for Europeans are winning back their indigenous names. Hydronyms include the proper names of rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, swamps and marshes, seas and oceans. Nordquist, Richard. Randall suggests the following categories: Toms Place is a store in Kensington Market in Toronto, 2012, where Tom is a long-time resident and store owner. Argentina in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Argentina, South America, share a common toponymic origin, based on the Latin word for silver, argentums, but are named in reference to quite different local characteristics . Temple names, like Japanese toponyms, frequently involve dragons. "~1/8]}=CH`y}'@0@fZ~}HNK;rZ%W'Cz)f'm!KR4laij`M5Cz (jj. What is the effect on the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity of The parent language may also evolve, but this will not alter the region name alone. Toponym Examples 1. Instead, you could apply toponyms anywhere that you would a proper noun, and give it the name it deserves. Parent language replacement is the most dramatic toponymic process. Associative toponyms relate to a unique landmark in the region, for example, Mill River refers to a mill that was in the streams in the area and also Springfield in Massachusetts. Possessive: 5. . These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. The name is rooted in the Grecian. Convergence process occurs when the toponym flows towards a well-known phoneme in the geographical name. Finally, the shift category refers to a toponym transferred from one place to another, such as Portsmouth, England shifted to Portsmouth, New Hampshire. 175 synonyms for shift: move, drift, move around, veer, budge, swerve, change position, remove, move . My favourite exampleis the conflation of Montreal with Coca Cola that happened for the350thanniversary of the founding of the city in 1992. Toponym also refers to a geographical entity or any general name for any place. Toponym is the study of names of places, specifically their meanings, typology, use, and origins. The geographers rely on local histories, maps, and interviews of the residence when creating a place-name. % Toponymists create the geographical names of places in discussion and cooperation with experts on place names from the United Nations. I hope it is the only time a city allows itself to merge with a corporation and a commodity. There was no First Nations settlement on the site of York when the British arrived, but Fort Toronto had been close by so it was the closest thing to a local place name that could be adopted. Derek Alderwood and Joshua Inwood, 2013, Street Naming and the Politics of Belonging: Spatial Injustices in thetoponymic commemoration of Martin Luther King Jr, Social and Cultural Geography This is at Torontos northern boundary on Yonge Street. The name was changed to Toronto in 1832 apparently because of confusion caused by havingtoo many places called York, but York lingers on in the names of other municipalities and a university. Not only does the Region-name describe the ethnic settlement patterns of a place, but it also aids in identifying the immigration periods. The name is rooted in the Greciantopos,which translates to region. However, as toponyms grew with use, and new lands were discovered over the centuries, the meaning of the word has graduated to mean a name given to any general place or space. shift names toponyms. What does it mean to cut a deck of tarot cards? If youre a seasoned traveler, you can enjoy an adventure abroad to these rare and exotic toponyms! English Reading Comprehension Story: 'My Friend Peter', Definition and Uses of the Definite Article 'the' in English, Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia, M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester, B.A., English, State University of New York. Descriptive toponyms are descriptions of the place whether it is the terrain or the plants farmed in the region by the first settlers in the land. Since the turn of thiscentury toponymy has moved beyond etymological and taxonomic research to consider the politics involved in place naming. [I intend to write about particularity in a future post.]. The Reverend Archibald Spooner (1844-1939) was an esteemed English language scholar who served for more than 20 . Types of toponym include agronym (the name of a field or pasture), dromonym (the name of a transportation route), drymonym (the name of a forest or grove), econym (the name of a village or town), limnonym (the name of a lake or pond), and necronym (the name of a cemetery or burial ground). What is nowToronto was named York atits founding in 1793, officially in honour of the Duke of York, son of George III (the same Grand Old Duke of York who marched his men to the top of the hill and marched them down again) but I suspect homesickness for a familiar bit of England had something to do with it. The toponym Byzantine Empire, also known as Eastern Roman-Empire, is derived from the term Byzantium which means a highly complex area, and it might have been named Byzantine because of the complicated nature of the politics and administration in the region. In the Sioux language, this word refers to the sugar maple tree. Theres so much to cover but [], In a world that is fueled by success, competition and the idea of survival of the fittest, the role of double agents is never redundant. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". One is Chanhassen, a Twin Cities suburb in Minnesota. ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021, thoughtco.com/toponym-place-name-1692554. The meaning, origin, language, and pronunciation of specific name among other crucial facts are always recorded during this process. In Cambridge, the name of the Bridge in Granta changed from Grantabrice to Cantebrugge and finally to Cambridge, and the name of the river changed to Cam., All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com, The Best Small Towns in the Gulf Coast To Chill Out, 12 Coolest Small Towns in Massachusetts for a Summer Vacation, Meet 12 Incredible Conservation Heroes Saving Our Wildlife From Extinction, India's Leopard God, Waghoba, Aids Wildlife Conservation In The Country, India's Bishnoi Community Has Fearlessly Protected Nature For Over 500 Years, Wildfires And Habitat Loss Are Killing Jaguars In The Amazon Rainforest, In India's Sundarbans: Where People Live Face-To-Face With Wild Tigers, Africa's "Thunderbird" Is At Risk Of Extinction. Find one example within the US and one within the rest of the world. Rubicon, the point of no return Rubicon (or Rubico), a small former river in northern Italy. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Toponyms in different nations like Canada, Mexico, and the United States have native terms in their names, such as Saskatchewan and Ottawa in Canada, and Acapulco and Oaxaca in Mexico. Richard Randall, 2001 Place Names: how they define the world and more (Lanham, Md. naming places reinforces claims of national ownership, state power, and masculine control and as such act as an explicit tool of repression. Chicago originated from a French interpretation of the term Shikaakwa which means smelly onion. Accessed 1 May. Some of the processes that can create a change in toponym include conflation, abbreviation, and convergence, among other processes. I took the Peterlee is the Place to Be sign on the side of a London bus in 1975 (you probably have to click to enlarge it to read the sign). Toponym is the general name for any place or geographical entity. Abbreviation breaks the name down into a simple to pronounce form, while conflation is a process whereby two elements of a toponym are confused. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Etymology From the Greek, "place" + "name" toponym meaning: 1. a word that is the name of a place: 2. a word that is the name of a place: . There's another topo- word, toponymy, which means the study of place names, their origins and history. Toponym. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/toponym. What is an example of a toponym? However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Smarmy describes someone who goes way over the top trying to be suave and charming fooling no one. AN EXAMPLE OF AN ASSOCIATIVE IS. Examples of manufactured toponyms truth or consequences, New Mexico; Boring, Oregon; tesnus (sunset spelled backwards) Examples of mistake toponyms Lasker, North Carolina (named after the state of Alaska); West Indies (not west of the Indies and not the Indies) Example of shift toponyms Printer Friendly. : Scarecrow Press) explore the world through the prism of knowledge. Commendatory It was built in 1991 to attract foreign companies. troponym (plural troponyms) (grammar) A verb that indicates more precisely the manner of doing something by replacing a verb of a more generalized meaning. But what about days gone by when people had to do everything themselves? Through this process, the beautiful river in Rochdale became river Roch. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. San Francisco, California. Descriptive: Associative: Commemorative: Possessive: Commendatory: Incidental: Manufactured: Folk-Etymology Mistake: Shift: Some commemorative names of places include Illinois which is named after Illini Indians, and Seattle named after Chief Seattle. . Hale concluded that when Spanish explorers came upon the Baja California Peninsula, they named it California, after the fictional island in de Montalvos book, because the explorers thought the peninsula was an island, east of the Indies, similar to the island described in de Montalvos novel. S. Taylor (ed) 1998 The Uses of Place Names (Edinburgh: Scottish Cultural Press) [Corstorphine and Gwaun Henllan], http://ojs.unbc.ca/index.php/acme/article/viewFile/884/740, Placeness and Place: A Brief Introduction to the Website, TABLE OF CONTENTS (Updated December 2022), Place on Google: Results of a Search October 2015, Permanent Committee on Geographical Names, The Role of Place in the Insights of Philosophers and Scientists, Place, Landscape and Geographicality in Eric Dardels LHomme et la Terre., Place in War and Peace and Climate Change. At times the toponym served as the foundation of their etiological legends. In serious scenarios, the name can also be changed. When letters make sounds that aren't associated w One goose, two geese. Bring your camera and your kayak and soak intehsights with this amazing adventure! Most towns and cities have place signs at their borders. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". 2 What is the definition of toponym in geography? Gwaun Henllan in Carmarthen is the oldest recorded field name in Wales, first noted in the 8th century. Nordquist, Richard. Thus, for example, the toponym of Hellespont was explained by Greek poets as being named after Helle, daughter of Athamas, who drowned there as she crossed it with her brother Phrixus on a flying golden ram. Legend has it that the name comes from sailors who landed in the port of Hamburg with raw beef tartare from Russia. John's Town, Pitt's Burgh, Nash ('s) Ville specific (given), e.g., Battle Creek (Michigan) this is an event (a battle took place) and a landscape feature (the creek). Johannesburg is called eGoli, literally meaning the place of gold. Durban is called eThekwini, which translates as In the Bay (although some controversy was caused when several eminent Zulu linguists claimed that the name actually means the one-testicled one referring to the shape of the bay). Our pronunciation help, synonyms, usage and grammar tips set the standard. Why Is Biodiversity Critical To Life On Earth? Technically, Jupiter could be used as a toponym! Round Lake, IL 2. Incident names are places named after an incident that took place in that region like Bloody Ridge and Battle Creek. These can range in size, region, and overall location. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Panama hat Panama in Central America, where it was first sold. One moose, two moose. See: Chemical elements named after places, Food and drink (other than cheese and wine), Derivations from literary or mythical places, Last edited on 27 February 2023, at 17:52, Learn how and when to remove this template message, International Conference on Population and Development, List of foods and drinks named after places, "Angora Define Angora at Dictionary.com", "Armageddon Define Armageddon at Dictionary.com", "Balkanization Define Balkanization at Dictionary.com", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_words_derived_from_toponyms&oldid=1141942349, Bedlam meaning pandemonium, after popular name/pronunciation of, Left Bank, style of life, fashion, or "look" "Left Bank", left bank of the Seine (facing downstream) in, Mecca, ultimate destination or activity center , Shangri-La, a mythical utopia, a language usage , This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 17:52. We live much longer than we ever did before thanks to all those amazing discoveries and technological advancements. Some places are named after a well-known person who did something memorable for the area. shift names toponyms. This breathtaking cave system features teal, crystal clear waters andirrisistablytantalizing views. What is an example of a commendatory toponym? The research is based on 15000 British and 17000 American toponyms, received from toponymic dictionaries, reference books and electronic toponymic search systems GNIS (Geographic Names Information . ), spartan (from Sparta in ancient Greece), bikini (an atoll in the Pacific where the atomic and hydrogen bombs were tested), [and] lyceum (a gymnasium near Athens where Aristotle taught) . found in migrant communities (Lancaster, England to. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Antonyms for shift. For instance, the toponym of Hellespont is said to have been named after Helle who drowned while crossing the place with her brother Phrixus on their golden ram. Go beyond dictionary lookups with Word of the Day, facts and observations on language and lookup trends. and K.H. What is the formula for calculating solute potential? Even names of made-up places like Narnia and Atlantis are toponyms. Share your design and explanation with the class. June 17, 2022 kogan robot vacuum mapping kogan robot vacuum mapping View the breathtaking temples and go off of the beaten path in the exotic location of Burma. The rather upbeat color is named after a downbeat scene--the blood-soaked battlefield at the Battle of Magenta in Italy in 1859 (Freeman, 1997). In fact, manyAnglo-European place names probably dont have much of a story to tell, and simply arose as descriptions that made sense for local inhabitants. This 1562 map Americae Sive Quartae Orbis Partis Nova Et Exactissima Descriptio by Diego Gutirrez was the first map to print the toponym California. Boston, Australia, and Montreal are all toponyms. The name the Rocky Mountains describes the topography of the place. Some examples of common descriptive adjectives include audible, playful, and joyous. EtymologyFrom the Greek, "place" + "name", Craig Tomashoff: "Hooterville was Xanadu with pickup trucks, an odd yet comfortable land with an irresistible charm. A bookie who loses money is a Dutch book; Dutch courage is inspired only by booze; if you're in Dutch, you're in prison, or pregnant; and a Dutch widow is a prostitute. These can range in size, region, and overall location. References: Post-Revolution Toponyms: definition. For example, if you were to be married in Surfers Knoll by Ventura, California, these toponyms may hold a special place in your heart. These are examples of properly used toponyms. Corporate developers now often have streets in major projects named for themselves, and sports stadiums (Etihad Stadium for Manchester City,Rogers Centre in Toronto for the Blue Jays) named for the major sponsor, andwhen the sponsor changes the stadium name can change. The study of regional names is called toponymy which is a branch of onomastics. A name that describes a feature located there, A name that identifies with human adaptions to the location, A name associated with something that happened there, Shifting a name already existing to the new place, Types of Boundaries and Boundary Disputes. Commemorative. The term toponym is derived from the Greek word topos meaning region and onoma meaning to name.. Toronto is an indigenous place name that means something trees standing in water that describeda weir on a lake about 90 kilometres north of the present day city. 4 0 obj However, as toponyms grew with use, and new lands were discovered over the centuries, the meaning of the word has graduated to mean a name given to any general place or space . In modern usage, it can also be when a brand name becomes synonymous with that item. Toponym is the study of names of places, specifically their meanings, typology, use, and origins. : the place-names of a region or language or especially the etymological study of them. Mistake: 9. The allowance for uncollectible accounts has a? It has always been the case that a colonizing or imperial expansion has involved displacement of local names withnew ones imposed bythe conquerors. When it is done in thedeliberate way of Simcoe it is oftenpart of a process of claimingterritory and making clear who the new owners are. 2023 mystylit.com. We promise that youve used them before, and will eventually use them again! However, as toponyms grew with use, and new lands were discovered over the centuries, the meaning of the word has graduated to mean a name given to any general place or space. [Something similar is noted by Lucy Lippard who has recently written about place names in New Mexico. Delivered to your inbox! ", Charles H. Elster: "Words that you might not suspect were toponyms include tuxedo (Tuxedo Park, New York), marathon (from the battle of Marathon, Greece . The toponyms of the lake and river are related together. Associative: 3. Chepstow, one of the towns I regularly visited as a child, is a straightforward combination ofthe Old English cheap, meaning market, and stow, meaning place. AN EXAMPLE OF A FOLK-ETYMOLOGY TOPONYM IS. For example, Australia, through its Place Name Survey (ANPS) office, proposed a toponym typology that contains descriptive, associative, occurrent (events), evaluative, copied (shift), eponymous and innovative names for use nationally. This shifts the toponym into the realms of semiotic encoding. Classifying and Standardizing Place Names Other places are named after the nature of the politics in the region, such as the Byzantine Empire in Rome. Spoonerisms are named after a British professor who is believed to have had a tendency to mix up his words or wix up his mords. *SAN DIEGO Named after San Diego Bay, which had been rechristened by Vizcaino in 1602, in honor of the Franciscan, San Diego de Alcala de Henares, whose name was borne by his flagship. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipis cing elit. In the United Kingdom, two related and neighboring area with similar names became little/great or under/upon, like in the case of Newcastle-under-Lyme and their neighbor Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Curabitur venenatis, nisl in bib endum commodo, sapien justo cursus urna. Examples of this would include the logo of the South Tyrol region in Austria, which sets the toponym 'Sdtirol' against a simplified panorama of the Dolomite Mountains, A toponym is the name of a place. found in migrant communities (Lancaster, England to. Toponyms are words in the English language that indicate a regional areaby proper definition. Learn a new word every day. Lucy Lippard 2015 Place and Histories in Jeff Malpas (ed) The Intelligence of Place, (London: Bloomsbury Press), pp 55-59. San Francisco, CA 4. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. The place name translates to 'the tree with sweet juice.' Mill Valley, CA 6. Post author: Post published: March 13, 2023; Post category: classified appreciation week 2020 ideas; Post comments: . How do I choose between my boyfriend and my best friend? Shift name Associative Descriptive Toponym Robert D.Orr plaza was named after an Many times, a country will often go to great lengths to strengthen their ties with another, usually for diplomatic reasons. The fascinating story behind many people's favori Test your vocabulary with our 10-question quiz! Dec 20, 2021 What is the definition of toponym in geography? Types of toponym include agronym (the name of a field or pasture), dromonym (the name of a transportation route), drymonym (the name of a forest or grove), econym (the name of a village or town), limnonym (the name of a lake or pond), and necronym (the name of a cemetery or burial ground). What is the best bitrate for YouTube videos? names, examples of relocation diffusion and typically. The traditional approach of toponymists who study place names, has, it has been suggested by Reuben Rose-Redwood, been characterized by political innocence. They mostly dig into etymology, archives and local histories to unravel what names mean, but dont consider the processes behind the naming. Shift: Now find as many places as you can which are named after parts of the body!! This is more than a matter of developers finding names for new projects that will be attractive to prospective investors and home-buyers. rocky mountains; smokey mountains; hot springs, Arizona; Yellow River, China, Mill valley, California; Balkan Mine, Michigan; Mill River, Springfield, San Francisco; Washington, Dc; San Jose, Puerto Rico; St. Augustine, FL; St. Louis, paradise valley, Arizona; pleasant valley, Greenland, Battle creek, Michigan; Magenta, Italy; Bloody ridge, Johnson city, Texas; Castro Valley, Pittsburg, truth or consequences, New Mexico; Boring, Oregon; tesnus (sunset spelled backwards), Lasker, North Carolina (named after the state of Alaska); West Indies (not west of the Indies and not the Indies), Lancaster, Pennsylvania from Lancaster, England; Athens, Greece to Athens, Texas; New Mexico, Mexico to New Mexico, New England, you associate it with what you can find there, you're saying something nice or good about the place, reflects something that happened in that area, like a battle or skirmish, when a place is named after someone (not famous), must be b/c the people were not too bright, names that have relocated from somewhere else, Zionism, Israel and the Palestinian issue, Ch 4 Human Geography Vocab DeBlij 8th Edition, The Physical Examination & Patient Hx vocab, Test - Chapter 9 - Cell Communication, Chapte. The name, however, is probably derived from an older language, such as Pelasgian, which was unknown to those who explained its origin. The red-clay cathedrals scrape the sky, providing you with an otherworldly experience that you wont want to miss. the chair is located in the kitchen region of your house,) you could not use these as you would toponyms, applying the rules of capitalization that proper nouns bear. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. L. Deroy, et M Mulon, 1992 Dictionnaire de Noms de Lieux, (Paris: Les Usuels) But did you know that he was the first to make Thanksgiving [], Be it due to friendship, gratitude or celebration, the exchanging of gifts is a really old tradition that has been around for thousands of years. Words ending in nym are types of names, like an eponym is a name for a thing that came from a persons name. Thanks to Hannu Ylioja for the extra information on this toponym. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Alderman and Inwood have written, for example, about how the renaming of streets Martin Luther King Way was often done without consulting local Black American communities, some of whom therefore felt further marginalized by a process that was intended to be inclusive. Objects. Traditional Toponymy Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/toponym-place-name-1692554. The heat interacts with the water making it appear spotted, and you are surrounded by picturesque views. Everyone knows of his role in the Civil War which led to the signing of the 13th Amendment. Dr. Richard Nordquist is professor emeritus of rhetoric and English at Georgia Southern University and the author of several university-level grammar and composition textbooks. The EU-funded highway system in Poland for example, primarily developed the west-east axis, promoting German trade and North Sea ports, rather than the north-south axis which would boost Poland as . reports there is an Ugley Landfill Site. ", Albert C. Baugh and Thomas Cable: "When we find more than 600 places like Grimsby, Whitby, Derby, Rugby, and Thoresby, with names ending in -ly, nearly all of them in the district occupied by the Danes, we have striking evidence of the number of Danes who settled in England. It's an arcane field that has been given almost no attention by those geographers (including me), psychologists, architects and philosophers who have written about place and spirit of place. Eighteenth centuryfur traders used it to refer to the lake, andthen to describe a portage to rivers flowing into Lake Ontario, and then fora trading fort near the current city. Synonyms of shift transitive verb 1 : to exchange for or replace by another : change 2 a : to change the place, position, or direction of : move b : to make a change in (place) 3 : to change phonetically intransitive verb 1 a : to change place or position b : to change direction the wind shifted c : to change gears d Update, A.N. Peterlee is a New Town in County Durham, founded in 1948 and named for Peter Lee who promoted a better life for the inhabitants of depressed mining villages in Durham. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. It is possible to see similarities in names and to classify them. Deroy and Mulon suggest in the preface to their 1992 Dictionnaire de Noms de Lieuxthat the proper names of placesarelike money (dollar bills and euros and so) because they are used with no more attention to them than their everyday utility. If the country adopts a new language which is commonly used by the locals, the meaning of place name might also change. Mistaken names refer to historical errors in translation and naming of places, such as the West Indies which is neither in Indies nor on the Western side of Indies. Rhode Island Red Chicken named after Rhode Island. The population was 10,159 at the 2020 census. Incidental: 7. Usually, elaborating on the name occurs when two distinctive regions have the same name. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Types of Toponym Descriptive toponyms are descriptions of the place whether it is the terrain or the plants farmed in the region by the first settlers in the land. .Surprisingly, those who got the worst of English abuse were the Dutch. Possessive names are places named after the geographical terrain of the area like Castro Valley.
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