Gilgamesh therefore openly states that part of his reason for wanting to fight Humbaba is to confront the fear that his people have of him as an "awesome thing" and also to challenge the gods in setting up their boundaries, which mortals think are "unbreakable." The companions cut down more trees and fashion them into a raft, on which they float back to Uruk, carrying upon it the gate and Humbabas head. Essentially, Gilgamesh believes that it is important to defeat the mighty Humbaba in order to cement his legacy for all mankind to witness and acknowledge. He curses Enkidu, praying that he will die before Gilgamesh. the Lebanon Rift Valley What was one of Gilgamesh's greatest achievements in Uruk? on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% Shamash answers and explains that Gilgamesh and Enkidu are experiencing the effects of the aura that rises from Humbabas garments. Gilgamesh tells Enkidu that they can both cement their fame by . Early in the Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh does not fear death. Out of the 5 stories of the Sumerian cycle of Gilgamesh, 3 are core elements inside the Epic, and the Epic out of that simply borrows freely inside Sumerian lore. The phrase In the city man dies oppressed at heart gives us the clearest sense yet of the relationship between city and nature in the Epic. To his servant Enkidu, he spoke these words: He suggests that Enkidu is jealous and fearful that Humbaba will supplant him in Gilgameshs affections. Siduri -Graham S. The people of Uruk assemble in the street to listen to, The counselors of Uruk voice the Epics own caution against Gilgameshs arrogance, warning him that he will not defeat Humbaba, and that pursuing heroic deeds for their own sake is overly prideful. They baked a loaf of bread for every day he slept. Humbaba has not put on all seven of his fearsome glories yet. Then comes the text of the letter, appreciate: When thanks to the descriptions I have given you, you stand in her Why does Shamash urge Gilgamesh and Enkidu to attack Humbaba immediately when they arrive at the forest? On the one hand, Gilgamesh and Enkidu are on a sacred quest, supported by a god, Shamash. On the other hand, they undertake their adventure in defiance of the superior deity Enlil. Though this journey of initiation is immensely important to both Gilgamesh and Enkidu, it is not wholly sanctioned by the gods. Why is Gilgamesh considered to be one-third human and two-third god? Lord Shamash encourages Gilgamesh to kill Humbaba, because Lord Shamash hates Humbaba and believes that Gilgamesh has enough power to defeat him. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". In Tablet 2, when Gilgamesh tells Enkidu about his brilliant idea to go kill Humbaba, the guardian of the Cedar Forest, Enkidu tells him, "Uh-uh, big no-no: Enlil put Humbaba in . Its also notable that such glory can only be achieved by leaving the city and going out into nature. Already a member? The Battle Of Humbaba In The Epic Of Gilgamesh. Because he grew up in the wilderness, he has more knowledge and experience there than the civilized Gilgamesh does. Summary. Why did Gilgamesh and Enkidu fight each other? After a few days, Gilgamesh makes another offering of flour to Shamash. Struggling with distance learning? The Epic of Gilgamesh is the very first epic ever written and on that comparing the disparate relatively shorts stories that form the core elements of the Sumerian cycles is unfair to both. He pledges to become his servant if Gilgamesh will only spare his life. The Battle Of Humbaba In The Epic Of Gilgamesh 452 Words2 Pages In the second chapter of the epic, Gilgamesh and Enkidu set out on their journey to destroy Humbaba, the guardian of the forest. He tells Enkidu that he will be worshipped after death. In order to curb Gilgameshs seemingly harsh rule, the god Anu caused the creation of Enkidu, a wild man who at first lived among animals. Updates? Enkidus dream gives us the first glimpse of a possible tragedy at the end of their quest. Soon, however, Enkidu was initiated into the ways of city life and traveled to Uruk, where Gilgamesh awaited him. At midnight, Gilgamesh wakes up again, filled with foreboding, and, unsure of what woke him, asks if Enkidu touched him. The full force of this defeat emerges in Tablet VII when Enkidu falls ill. Gilgamesh knows that by defeating Humbaba, his name will be written on the bricks of the wall surrounding Uruk. It only takes a minute to sign up. Gilgamesh felt a compulsion to fight Humbaba and take over the forest that Humbaba watched over. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. What was significant about the rise of Japanese literature during the Heian Period? What is thought to influence the overproduction and pruning of synapses in the brain quizlet? Gilgamesh responds by telling Enkidu that he has not established his name and stamped it on the bricks as his destiny decreed. By having the qualities that they have, they became, known kings and accomplished their dreams, whether it was taking over cities or making a name. radiant presence, tell her: "Your beloved son, Lu-dignira is in good While "The Epic of Gilgamesh" is Babylonian, legends about Gilgamesh date back to Sumer, which is believed to have been the earliest human civilization.Only fragments of their stories remain, but as explained in "The Death of Gilgamesh," there appear to be direct links to the epic. He breaks the stones charms that protect Ur-Shanabi. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. for themselves. He wants to cut down cedar trees in the forest that Humbaba protects. the Dead Sea Select one: a. increased exposure to radiation b. increased consumption of antioxidants c. increased frequency of smoking, Suppose you observed 26 whitefish blastula cells. (a) Draw Conclusions: What is the message of this poem? The fullest extant text of the Gilgamesh epic is on 12 incomplete Akkadian-language tablets found at Nineveh in the library of the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal (reigned 668627 bce). Gilgamesh and Enkidu distract each other from fear and persuade each other that they have the power to make their names, if not their bodies, immortal. He gave faithful service to his city. Enkidu tells Gilgamesh about the fearsome monster Humbaba, whom Enlil, the god of earth, wind, and air, had appointed . A purely selfish act. The two heroes go to the armor makers of Uruk and obtain axes and swords for the battle. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! erect a glorious tomb for Enkidu, Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Litera, Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses. (N. K. Sandars, 7). What does Ninsun do to Enkidu before he and Gilgamesh leave on their journey to the cedar forest? Also, perhaps as a secondary motive, he wants to be able to inspire the youth of Uruk with his mighty deeds to encourage them to be great and powerful in the same way that he is. Humbaba was said to have seven radiances or auras, and in taking these from him Gilgamesh and Enkidu seem to rob him of his power. 81) to help Gilgamesh kill Humbaba. Later, Gilgamesh and Enkidu will make further enemies among the gods after Gilgamesh spurns Ishtar and the two heroes kill the Bull of Heaven. He accepts that he is mortal, and thus subordinate to the gods. In this story Lord Shamash, the ancient god of the sun and justice, has a great affection for Gilgamesh, who is . This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The gaps that occur in the tablets have been partly filled by various fragments found elsewhere in Mesopotamia and Anatolia. They call to each other, reminding each other that they can prevail. The story goes like this: Giglamesh decides to visit the forest of cedar with his friend/budy/slave Enkidu (in this story Enkidu is referred as slave ). Then they dig another well and make another offering of flour to Shamash. Select one: a. XO b. XY c. XYY d. XX e. XXY 2. Humbaba chides Enkidu for his cruelty. They had a magical plant that grew a leaf every day. I tried to show here the Sumerian root of the Epic, how the Sumerian elements has been taken, incorporated and developped for the Epic. Enkidu promptly interprets the dream and says it is nothing to fear. How to Make a Black glass pass light through it? One of key characters is the hero Lugalbanda (who is the father of Gilgamesh). What does the killing of Humbaba symbolize? Corrections? by execution in Ninevah, After the death of Enkidu, what does Gilgamesh become? It's worth noting that the gods don't act against Gilgamesh directly, but punish him by slaying his mortal friend Enkidu. New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition. Gilgamesh tells Enkidu that they can both cement their fame by defeating Humbaba. However, Enkidu warns him about the dangers of entering the forest that Enlil has appointed Humbaba to guard. He was not scared of people in other, cities uprising and taking revenge on him by taking their king and their city. No doubt that Homer did something similar in his time (No doubt also those who judge Homer as mere guy compulsing traditions are mere idiots). Enkidu also notes that the comforts of the city have made him weak. In The Epic of Gilgamesh, what does Gilgamesh gain from his epic quest? As you might expect for a king of the gods, Enlil is a little hard to figure out. Enkidu, however, offers another perspective: he believes that Gilgameshs lack of fear comes from ignorance. What are the symbols used to determine the vertical and horizontal and vertical axis? The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". (a) Identify the image in the lines below. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Refine any search. What does Siduri think Gilgamesh is when she first meets him? "What do all women want above all else?" Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. The two begin by first cutting down a few of the cedar trees. Enkidu tells Gilgamesh about a monster named Humbaba, sometimes called Huwawa. He wants to save Uruk's population from destruction by Humbaba. The two heroes stand in awe before the vast forests gates, marveling at the cedar trees height, breathing in their incense. Sometimes it can end up there. Boolean algebra of the lattice of subspaces of a vector space? Latest answer posted September 04, 2020 at 10:56:51 AM. Unlike Gilgamesh, Enkidu does not give much significance to the idea of making a name for himself. He destroys the only boat that can cross the sea. What are the duties of a sanitary prefect in a school? Only by killing Humbaba and stealing his cedars can they guarantee their fame. the Ural Mountains, What does Ishtar offer to Gilgamesh, which he refuses? But Humbaba pleads for mercy and says he knows Gilgamesh is Ninsuns son. The story was carved into twelve clay tablets, which were discovered by archeologists in the mid-19th century. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Gilgamesh and Enkidu construct a shelter against the wind and, huddling together for warmth, lie down to sleep. Now I don't like to give any answer to such an old thing, but here it is: What you cite is the Nineveh's version of the traditional Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh and Enkidu are doing a god's task in attempting to kill Humbaba, even if it is directly opposite to the will of another god. At last the companions reach the mountain of the gods, the place forbidden to mortals. He refuses to let Gilgamesh enter the wedding. The probable historical basis for this adventure was an expedition to chop down cedars and bring them back to Sumer (where there was little timber), as the Epic presents the felling of trees as an essential part of the battle with Humbaba. What would the daughter cells of a plant cell with four copies of each chromosome have? The dread and terror of death remain, however, and permeate the entire tablet. He prays that Shamash will visit him in a dream and grant him a favorable omen. Her interventions during the cycle of Aratta is emblematic of that. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. What is the significance of The Epic of Gilgamesh? Subscribe now. Accessed 1 May 2023. Who are the experts?Our certified Educators are real professors, teachers, and scholars who use their academic expertise to tackle your toughest questions. for a group? He will obstruct the way up the mountain, Educators go through a rigorous application process, and every answer they submit is reviewed by our in-house editorial team. What was one of Gilgamesh's greatest achievements in Uruk? Does a password policy with a restriction of repeated characters increase security? me to [Gilgamesh]!" Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. tar command with and without --absolute-names option. I suspect it has to do with the function of heroes to "tame the landscape" and render locales safe for humans by slaying monsters, similar to Theseus on his journey to Athens and Heracles with many of his tasks. 70) He wanted to do something that could not be outdone by somebody else,which was killing Humbaba. It is exciting, easy to put on a flannel board, and it has a great spiritual message: you can always overcome your obstacles, no matter how big they are, if you just have faith in God (and a reasonably good sling shot). Gilgamesh felt a compulsion to fight Humbaba and take over the forest that Humbaba watched over. Enkidu Enkidu's reversal attitude: He starts by doing his best to wisely prevent Gilgamesh to go to see Huwawa and finally is the one slaughtering the poor Huwawa. Enkidu asked Gilgamesh, adding that the great god Enlil had appointed umbaba as guardian of the forest to prevent mortals from entering the forest. You have manhandled me; yet you had sworn an oath". before Enlil the foremost hears what we do! The two heroes go to the armor makers of Uruk and obtain axes and swords for the battle. the Jordan River Although I don't trust any translation fully due to the imprecision of the art and degree of latitude translators can take, particularly with work from this period and region, the text I quote below suggests that Enkidu chides Gilgamesh that to spare a prisoner is against the dictates of fate, and warns Gilgamesh that if they don't kill Humbaba, there will be repercussions: And of Gilgamesh, son of Ninsun, Print. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Not affiliated with Harvard College. Appreciate Sumerian humouresque side and Gilgamesh's fainting of terror. What are some examples of how providers can receive incentives? Shamash hates Humbaba because he represents evil and the shadows. The poem may not provide explicit scenes of combat, but it clearly describes the terrors of war. He manages to get Gilgamesh to wake up, and Gilgamesh is seriously pissed off. Why These Words? Note what he says in the following quote: Need this fight. Gilgamesh and Enkidu will face the wrath of Enlil because in . Humbaba staggers and reels under this divine onslaught, and at last Gilgamesh overtakes him. The story goes like this: Giglamesh decides to visit the forest of cedar with his friend/budy/slave Enkidu (in this story Enkidu is referred as slave). By overcoming his fear of fighting Humbaba, Gilgamesh shows that he is more concerned with heroic feats than in preserving his own life. He could hear the bull bellowing and could feel its hot breath on his face. by beheading in the temple But before he dies, Humbaba screams out a curse on Enkidu: Of you two, may Enkidu not live the longer, may Enkidu not find any peace in this world! Soon later Enkidu becomes sick and dies. Even so, Gilgamesh is scared. What was the author's purpose in writing The Epic of Gilgamesh, and who was the intended audience? May 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Unexpected uint64 behaviour 0xFFFF'FFFF'FFFF'FFFF - 1 = 0? Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. Gilgamesh wants to kill the monster Humbaba so he can attain fame and glory. Importantly, it is Enkidu who strikes the killing below, and Enkidu whom the gods will blame for the death of Humbaba. Gilgamesh wakes up frightened and asks Enkidu if he called out to him. Want 100 or more? The letter contains an incredibly long description of the mother in order to help the messenger to find her. Who was the guardian of the forest in the Epic of Gilgamesh? In the stele of, Naram-Sin, two suns are located at the top which stands for gods watching over the scene of him, take over Lullubi. The noise of clashing swords, daggers, and axes surrounds them, and Gilgamesh and Enkidu cry out in terror. He refuses to let Gilgamesh enter the wedding. Renews May 8, 2023 an epic coliseum for the gods' battles Then Enkidu strikes Humbaba. the middle of Akkad (inscription). He will be Gilgamesh's equal, so the two will battle and create peace for Uruk. Once again, Enkidu ignores Humbaba's pleas and encourages Gilgamesh to kill the beaten monster. Gilgamesh considers this, but Enkidu shouts out and . to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. The gods of the. full of rage and anger, cut his throat. How does Shamash allay Enkidu's grief over his impending death? Literature and The Epic of Gilgamesh Background. In it, a wild bull attacked him, and he was helpless on the ground. You have lots of Sumerian themes beginning by the reversal which makes a story begin with one character (as the legendary king Enmerkar) and keep going with another character (the hero Lugalbanda). Here is the Sumerian: The Sumerians built in their time 2 great cycles/stories/matters/epics (call that as you want, I will use cycle here). But Enkidu tells Gilgamesh to hurry up and kill the demon before Enlil finds out what theyre up to and tries to stop them. What is the standard colour diagram for studying. The words you choose can greatly increase the effect of your writing. Gilgamesh is a prideful king, who is . Though the counselors warnings are repeating what was said before, an important change happens here in the relationship between Gilgamesh and Enkidu: here we see that Enkidu will take the lead in their quest. Expert Answers. How does Shamash allay Enkidu's grief over his impending death? Is it safe to publish research papers in cooperation with Russian academics? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The god Enlil had decreed that Gilgamesh2/3 god and 1/3 manwould die a mortals death, but that he would achieve fame and glory during his time on earth. Find at least two places where you think Swift's satire is particularly powerful. He manages to get Gilgamesh to wake up, and Gilgamesh is seriously pissed off. How do Utanapishtim and his wife prove that Gilgamesh has slept for a week despite his protestations otherwise? Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. For Gilgamesh and Enkidu this means leaving the city and going into the wilderness, but the more general idea of leaving ones home and experiencing the wider world (whether in nature or civilization) is one that has endured in stories for thousands of years. The Epics exaggerated distances (or underreported travel times) highlight the larger-than-life aspects of its heroes and also the mythical significance of their quest. Source: The Epic of Gilgamesh by Robert Temple, (Note: I grabbed an easily accessible on-line translation from 1991 and apologize if there are any inaccuracies compared to the 2003 George, which is excellent, although my personal favorite is still the Gardner. Embracing each other for warmth, the two men lie down to sleep. Enlil is the god who had appointed Humbaba to guard the cedars, so when Gilgamesh and Enkidu kill Humbaba it is a direct affront to the supremacy of the godsan act of hubris that will lead to tragedy. The author exaggerates the heroes manly attributesmany critics call Enkidu and Gilgamesh the worlds first superheroes. create a poem of the journey Tablet VI. He also wants to show the citizens of Uruk that it is possible for humans to defy the gods. At this point in the Epic he understands his place in the hierarchy of the universe. Why does Gilgamesh decide to fight Humbaba? Did Enkidu think Humbaba would kill them. They trespass on territory forbidden to mortals so that they can steal something that belongs to the gods, the cedar trees, and turn them into monumentsidolsthat honor themselves. The Epic of Gilgamesh is a Babylonian story so one might ask why I spent so much time on the Sumerians, Sumerians being a different people, speaking a different language. Notice something truly amusing, Gilgamesh stays perfectly calm in front of him and manages to abuse Huwawa pretty easily, despite the auras of horror. 6 Who was the guardian of the forest in the Epic of Gilgamesh? A lukur-priestess returned to her pleasures? The disappearance of light may represent the absence of Shamashs protection, and even the end of life itself. If Gilgamesh kills him, he will surely bring a curse down upon himself. But it shows how the writter(s) of the Epic took its(their) lore, built on it, and added the local faith (the totally absent Sumerian gods play a major role in Babylonian culture). Why was Utnapishtim granted eternal life? From that perspective, this decision can be understood as an example of misjudgment and recklessness on the part of Gilgamesh and Enkidu. After the death of Enkidu, what does Gilgamesh become? Except when you know who is the so called Enmebaragesi, which in matter of a potential Gilgamesh's cute sister is the former king of Kish, father of Ata, arch enemy of Gilgamesh! The two companions continue their journey through the forest. Humbaba serves Enlil, who made Humbaba a terrible being whose mouth is fire, his roar is the floodwater, and his breath is death. on 50-99 accounts. Who evolved the art of giving presents at Christmas? Goliath has become a good metaphor . What does Ishtar offer to Gilgamesh, which he refuses? Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). the sun god More books than SparkNotes. Now the Epic of Gilgamesh per se is on a different level than the Sumerian cycles. a humble farmer Shamash hears him and unleashes thirteen storms against Humbaba. for a customized plan. Gilgamesh, the best known of all ancient Mesopotamian heroes. Numerous tales in the Akkadian language have been told about Gilgamesh, and the whole collection has been described as an odysseythe odyssey of a king who did not want to die. She informs Enkidu that he is now her adopted son. He finally reached Utnapishtim, who told him the story of the Flood and showed him where to find a plant that would renew youth (Tablet XI). What difficulty does Gilgamesh create in his attempt to cross the sea to Utanapishtim? Why do the two heroes risk the wrath of Enlil, a deity far superior to their protector Shamash? Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. Humbaba can only be killed when the sun casts no shadows. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. Only by killing Humbaba and stealing his cedars can they guarantee their fame. In his peoples eyes, Naram-Sin had great qualities as a king. To live freely and meaningfully, they feel they must go out into the more dangerous world and accomplish something heroic. Hubris also seems to be a theme of the epic, if I can borrow a concept from the Greek, so perhaps the slaying is intentionally transgressive. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. A cell is undergoing meiosis, but an excessive amount of DNA, All of the following are characteristics of cancer cells EXCEPT: unmutated DNA angiogenesis ability to metastasize unregulated mitosis no apoptosis. Early in the Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh does not fear death. Enkidu Challenging the rule of heaven is a theme in the Epic of Gilgamesh--he also rejects Ishtar and is undaunted by her fury. At first, Gilgamesh considers being compassionate, but Enkidu is pitiless. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. In Tablets IIIV the two men set out together against Huwawa (Humbaba), the divinely appointed guardian of a remote cedar forest, but the rest of the engagement is not recorded in the surviving fragments. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. [Huwawa:] "Warrior, you lied! Both Gilgamesh and Naram-Sin had similar qualities as kings. Enkidu and Gilgamesh cut down more cedar trees, create a raft to float back to Uruk, while "Gilgamesh held the head of Humbaba". So Gilgamesh will keep mocking up the poor Huwawa by offering completely stupid gifts each time removing one of his terror until the moment Huwawa has nothing left. a snake In the dream, the gods were angry with him and Gilgamesh and met to decide their fate. 5 How are Gilgamesh and Enkidu related to Humbaba? in battle with the gods I give you this short insight here on Inanna just because it shows the Mesopotamian subtlety. (b) Analyze: What double meaning does the word have? Then he tells Enkidu what he dreamed: They were walking through a deep gorge when a huge mountain fell on top of them. He says that the mountain is Humbaba, and that he and Gilgamesh will topple Humbaba and his dead body will lie on the plain like a mountain. Babylonian intellectuals, using the Sumerian cuneiform writing system, was nurture by Sumerians. What's the function to find a city nearest to a given latitude? He tells Enkidu that he will be worshipped after death. In The Epic of Gilgamesh, Humbaba could be said to symbolize the forces of nature that must be subdued and controlled by man if he is to achieve freedom from his surroundings. Enkidu opened his mouth to speak, Who steals the youth-restoring flower from Gilgamesh? At this point, Enkidu also shows more respect for the godsthe Land of Cedars is not only a place representing nature and the wild, but also a place holy to a god, and so Enkidu is wary of being too prideful and angering the gods. In the middle of the night Gilgamesh has a dream. The man who brought water, Enkidu says, is Gilgameshs father, Lugulbanda. In Tablet VI Gilgamesh, who had returned to Uruk, rejected the marriage proposal of Ishtar, the goddess of love, and then, with Enkidus aid, killed the divine bull that she had sent to destroy him. Now, truly understanding Mesopotamia's time is hard (Leo Oppenheim mentioned that having a vision of Mesopotamian religion is illusory at best, while doing it in the same book anyway). Within a community, even one as small as that of Gilgamesh and Enkidu clinging together for warmth on the eve of a battle, fear fades. The cultures that produced the Gilgamesh poems were very warlike, but we hardly hear about them using the weapons they had forged, even though the weapons receive quite a bit of attention. They baked a loaf of bread for every day he slept. Humbaba is sleeping and will be caught off guard by the men. Much later in the story, Enkidu passes through a real death, and Gilgamesh passes through a figurative one, completing his quest with a spiritual transformation and a final journey home. The epic ends with the return of the spirit of Enkidu, who promised to recover the objects and then gave a grim report on the underworld. And in this cycle one of the deeds of Gilgamesh is his fight with a specific ogre like creature Huwawa (the Sumerian version of the Babylonian Umbaba). At no time does the text makes Gilgamesh emphasize how he is mocking Huwawa, but a remote knowledge of Sumerian myth makes that clear (I mean EVERY Sumerian was undoubtedly laughing when Gilgamesh propose Enmebaragesi as a wife).
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