bat creek stone translation

1987 Fantastic Archaeology: What Should We Do About It? Masonic word ends with a second he, which makes it "for Yahweh" In McCulloch (1988) I note that because they seemed to provide conclusive proof not only of the contemporaneity of man and mammoth in the New World, but also of the existence of a highly civilized "lost race" of moundbuilders. Persian era, according to Gordon) is one such "Yahwist" name. would make an appropriate memorial for the find, [1] This interpretation was accepted at the time but was contested about a century later by Cyrus H. Gordon, a scholar of Near Eastern Cultures and ancient languages, who reexamined the tablet in the 1970s and proposed that the inscription represented Paleo-Hebrew of the 1st or 2nd century. Much of the commentary below dealing with resemblances of signs to Paleo-Hebrew is quoted from his reply to our inquiry; the authors alone are responsible for all comments pertaining to Cherokee similarities, i: Although identified by Gordon (1971, 1972, 1974) as "daleth", this sign is impossible as Paleo-Hebrew in the period 100 B.C.-A.D. 100, based on shape and stance. Cole, John R. The Bat Creek Stone remains the property of the Smithsonian Institution, and is catalogued in the collections of the Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, NMNH catalog number 8013771 and original US National Museum number A134902-0. In Macoy's illustration, this is clearly meant to be a qoph, They were typically formed by bending sections of relatively heavy brass wire into a "C" shape. [3] As Feder explains, "The Bat Creek Stone was an outlier, impossible to put into genuine historical context, and though few said it out loud, it was assumed by many that the artifact had been faked". give no reference for what they regard as an 30.Washington. There are, however, a number of unpublished documents that shed some light on the issue. Importantly, no documentation regarding the production and use of comparable artifacts by first or second century A.D. Mediterranean peoples has been presented by McCulloch (1988), Mahan (1983), or other cult archaeology writers. McCulloch, J. Huston, "John Emmert, Demon Rum, and 32 A.D. and 769 A.D.(McCulloch 1988). plowed flat, and only its approximate location An extensive review of roughly contemporary and later professional literature contradicts this assertion. Mounds and ancient works are described and figured which do not and never did exist; and articles are represented which are modern reproductions" (Thomas 1898:24-25). 137.Washington. missing on Bat Creek. American Antiquity 51(2):365-369. A.D. Ingstad, Helge Ignoring our own interpretations and relying solely on Gordon, the occurrence of 3 signs that are unquestionably not Paleo-Hebrew (to say nothing of the admitted difficulties with several others) is sufficient grounds to rule out the Bat Creek inscription as genuine Paleo-Hebrew. This of course begs the question of why Thomas did not admit to the failings of his magnum opus in a more direct manner. grape vines, planted on the rebuilt mound, It also seems worth mentioning that Cyrus Thomas was neither the first nor the last archaeologist to be taken in by a questionable artifact. 1930 The Mound Builders. 1914 The American Indian in the United States, Period 1850-1914. 2, p. 127. vii: Our comments pertaining to sign vi apply in toto here as well. Thames & Hudson, London, 1968. 1907 Cherokee. A calibrated date of A.D. 32 (427) 769 (1605 170 B.P.) This small, inscribed rock was reportedly excavated from a mound in 1889 by John W. Emmert, a Smithsonian Institution field assistant, during the course of the Bureau of American Ethnology Mound Survey. George Barrie and Sons, Philadelphia. You must have a Gab account and be logged in to comment. Bat Creek: Excavations in the Smithsonian Archives," July 1987. Swanton, John R. of the Norse settlement at L'anse Meadows (Ingstad 1964), no convincing evidence for such occurrences has ever been found or recognized by professional researchers. better than to English, and no one has ever proposed a Cherokee reading The Bat Creek Stone Courtesy of Tennessee Anthropological Association Once the engraved stone was in Emmert's hands, local Republicans tried to get Emmert to sendthe stone to Knoxville to have it "translated." The actual chart which Blackman used to copy theletters had been published in a book in l882. 1993 and Jan./Feb. The string YHW-, or Yahu-, the first three letters The Smithsonian's role in the Davenport controversy produced considerable hosti 1 ity from many antiquarians (see McKussick 1970) at a time when "professional" archaeology was still in its infancy. This conclusion stems in part from the fact that there were few (if any) other noteworthy "recent" publications on North American prehistory, and certainly none that included large numbers of illustrations of both "ancient works" and artifacts. 1988). [8], However, "Despite the preponderance of archaeological evidence that these mound complexes were the work of sophisticated Native American civilizations," this fact has been "obscured by the Myth of the Mound Builders". 1978 An American Paleolithic. v: Despite problems with its relative size, this sign is normal for Paleo-Hebrew script ("lamed") between 100 B.C. Robert Clarke, Cincinnati. Gab builds Freedom Of Speech Software. In fact, it seems all too likely that the Bat Creek stone may be only the single most notorious example of misrepresentation on the part of Emmert during his association with the Bureau of American Ethnology. [7], When the Bat Creek Inscription was found, it entered into this important debate about who the mound builders were. (sic) in the Mertz/Gordon orientation, 1972 The Bat Creek Inscription. [9][7] These acts are a form of cultural genocide by European colonizers which enabled settlers "to make way for the movement of 'new' Americans into the Western 'frontier'". [16] It has subsequently been loaned to the Museum of the Cherokee Indian in Cherokee, N.C., where it has been on display since 2015. SATANIC MEDIA EXPOSED, Uvalde TX Shooting LIES! Gordon's dating of the letters. Since other signs are not claimed to be fourth century, the comparison is clearly illegitimate. Thomas, Cyrus. In our discussion below, we refer to these signs as i through viii, from left to right; sign viii is located just below the main body of the inscription. In this paper we have addressed three key issues surrounding the Bat Creek stone and its interpretation. illustration, making the Bat Creek word "for Judea." George Barrie and Sons, Philadelphia. However, the presence of the string The shorter first words of the Bat Creek and Masonic of the Serenwen alphabet to the Bat Creek letters. A 3-foot black oak tree still stood on Carter, George 46-53 ff. Tennessee Archaeologist 27(2):38-45. Mainfort 1979:357-359). The Bat Creek stone, allegedly found in an undisturbed burial mound by an employee of the Smithsonian Institution, has been heralded by cult archaeologists as proof of pre-Columbian visitations to the New World by Mediterranean peoples. now a TVA Concluding Remarks and continued in use until the end of the eighteenth century (Craddock 1978; Hamilton 1967:342; Shaw and Craddock 1984). 1994 BAR . The largest of these, Mound 1, was located on the east side of the creek. In: Archaeology of the Eastern United States, edited by J.B. Griffin, pp. 1978 The Composition of the Copper Alloys Used by the Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Civilizations. Emmert was employed as both a temporary and regular field assistant by the Smithsonian Institution for several years between 1883 and 1889, and personally directed a truly amazing number of excavations at sites in eastern Tennessee and adjacent areas. Archeologist Kenneth Feder has commended Thomas's efforts, which "initiated the most extensive and intensive study" "conducted on the Moundbuilder question". Stone, Lyle M. main line would then read RQ , LYHWD[M], i.e. 131. American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal 12(1):54. [4] Countering the notion of pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories, archaeologists Robert Mainfort and Mary Kwas have concluded that the inscription is not a genuine paleo-Hebrew artifact but rather a 19th-century forgery. "The Bat Creek Stone," a webpage of fact there is already a D on Bat Creek, at the end of the second word, Although various stone structures are often presented as evidence of pre-Columbian contacts (e.g., Fell 1976), it is the considerable number of purported ancient Old World inscriptions from virtually all parts of the North America that are particularly heralded by proponents as "proof" of transatlantic voyages. ii: Identified by Gordon as "waw", this sign is also impossible as Paleo-Hebrew in the period 100 B.C.-A.D. 100, based on shape and stance. Pocket Books, New York. Yet, even as the Davenport finds "proved too much" with respect to pre-Columbian Old World contacts, so too did the Bat Creek stone "prove too much" regarding Thomas's own pet hypothesis that the immediate ancestors of the Cherokee constructed most of the burial mounds in eastern North America. Brass C-shaped wire bracelets are relatively common artifacts on eighteenth century historic sites in eastern North America, including Native American cemeteries (e.g., Stone 1974; Mainfort 1979; Brain 1979 lists a number of additional sites). [4] But these claims by Gordon and McCulloh have been silenced by archeologists who "have rejected the Bat Creek stone as a fake". "Thomas also reports enclosed burial areas, vaguely similar to those described above, from Sullivan County. Arundale, Wendy H. Robert Stieglitz (1976) confirmed Gordon's reading of the First, the inscription is not a legitimate Paleo-Hebrew inscription, despite the resemblances of several signs to Paleo-Hebrew characters. McCulloch, J. Huston, "The Bat Creek Inscription -- Cherokee or Hebrew?," [11] Mound 1 of the Bat Creek Site was excavated in 1975. 1981 Radiocarbon Dating in Eastern Arctic Archaeology: a Flexible Approach. You decide.All images of Arnold Murray are from \"The Translation\" which is the property of Shepherd's Chapel in Gravette, Arkansas (I think). word having two letters and the Masonic word three. It is for this reason that we consider it important to bring the Bat Creek controversy to the attention of professional archaeologists; many of us are likely to be questioned by journalists and the general public about this issue in the future. Per Barbara Duncan, Education Director, Museum of the Cherokee Indian. The fact that Thomas Thomas, Cyrus, "Mound Explorations," in Twelfth Annual Report Despite the impeccable detail of this lithograph, Jones, Mary, "Edward Williams/'Iolo Morgannwg'," a page of The Gordon, ed., been copied from Macoy. originally proposed by Mertz. A Reply to Mainfort and Kwas in, http://druidry.org/obod/lore/coelbren/coelbren.html, http://www.ampetrographic.com/files/BatCreekStone.pdf. 1907 Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico.Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. McGee The Brass Bracelets 1958 The Kensington Stone; A Mystery Solved. He noted that the broken letter on the far left is consistent from Jersualem's City of David under the supervision American Anthropologist 4(1):94-95. Gordon demonstrates their incompetence to Thomas first published the inscription in his The Cherokees in Pre-Columbian Times (1890, Fig. Gilbert, William H., Jr. The director of the project, Cyrus Thomas, initially declared that the curious inscription on the stone were "beyond question letters of the Cherokee alphabet." (Thomas 1894: 391:4) A picnic table and a small sign The inscription was assumed to be Paleo-Cherokee, and was subsequently published by the Smithsonian in theirAnnual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1890-1891 on page 392. 1. Other individuals who provided source material used in this paper include Charles Faulkner, J. Houston McCulloch, Joseph B. Mahan, Michael Moore, and Stephen Williams. Furthermore, in his field notes, John Emmert mentions the presence of "wet and muddy" soil at the base of the mound (the level at which the burials were found), which raises the possibility of contamination from groundwater. and Kwas article, enumerating these At the time the on the second Bat Creek letter, 1970a A Canaanite Columbus? 1995, for permission to use that the first letter is a (reversed) resh. The metallurgical evidence is, in itself, equivocal with respect to the age of the brass bracelets; their composition could place them within a period spanning nearly two millennia. The fact that the Bat Creek stone is not cited in any of these works strongly hints that contemporary archaeologists and ethnologists did not regard the object as genuine (see, for example, Griffin et al_. The Bat Creek Stone was recovered during a professional archaeological dig by John W. Emmert of the Smithsonian Institution's Bureau of Ethnology in 1889, during its Mound Survey Project. Day, Joan Because of the style of writing, Dr. Cyrus Thomas declared the inscription to be a form of Paleo-Hebrew thought to be in use during the first or second century A.D. Hebrew scholar Robert Stieglitz confirmed Gordons translation. Antiquity 58(223):137-138. Perhaps the TVA could be prevailed Harrington, M.R. Both Professors Cross and Williams read and commented on an earlier version of this paper. 1-documented from eighteenth century sites in North America. from the mound 40 years before the excavation and that it for $6.00 from the 14, No. Mound 1 had a diameter of 108 feet (33m) and a height of 8 feet (2.4m), and it was located on the first terrace above the river. Also relevant here is the. The broken sign cannot be mem in the designated period and even if it could, it would not be the spelling used after the sixth century B.C. Per Timothy E. Baumann, Curator of Archaeology, McClung Museum. The Bat Creek inscription (also called the Bat Creek stone or Bat Creek tablet) is an inscribed stone collected as part of a Native American burial mound excavation in Loudon County, Tennessee, in 1889 by the Smithsonian Bureau of Ethnology's Mound Survey, directed by entomologist Cyrus Thomas.The inscriptions were initially described as Cherokee, but in 2004, similarities to an inscription . Since, as discussed below, no contemporary Cherokee authorities seem to have regarded the inscription as genuine, McCulloch's conclusion does not represent a significant new interpretation. 1952 A Frame of Reference for the Archaeology of Eastern Tennessee. Archaeology 41(5):62-70. 30. History of the Human Sciences, Vol. This belief was influential and "adopted by many Americans in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries". or any other alphabet, the Hebrew reading would have to Washington. Independent scientific verification of an archaeologically excavated stone with ancient Hebrew inscribed into its surface has been completed in the Americas. Murray was the first to completly make sense (properly translate) of all inscriptions on this stone (with simplicity in its simple form). University of Chicago Press, Chicago. In the 1960s, Henriette Mertz and Corey Ayoob both If Shepherd's Chapel has blessed you, help them bless. Used by permission. words are separated. he was in fact a brother of King Arthur II, and sailed in 562 A.D. [1][3] Archaeologist Bradley T. Lepper concludes, "the historical detective work of Mainfort and Kwas has exposed one famous hoax". 172-173) that are in all probability brass (cf. Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society, Columbus. Finally, we have documented the fact that the Bat Creek stone was not accepted as a legitimate artifact by contemporary researchers and have provided strong indications that, after the initial publication of the object (Thomas 1890, 1894), both Cyrus Thomas and other staff members at the Smithsonian Institution came to doubt the authenticity of the stone. In: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. America in 1170 A.D. (see, e.g. Dated 2004, accessed For example, Stone's (1974) magnum opus on Fort Michilimackinac does not discuss the chemical composition of any of the thousands of artifacts recovered, and misidentifies as "copper" a number of kettle lugs (pp. "MEGALITHS" With Dr Barry Fell & Dr Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel "They Came A Viking" - E. Raymond Capt, Shepherd's Chapel, "North American Sun Kings" - Dr. Mahan & Dr. Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel, "CHRISTMAS" Dr Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel. 1964 Vinland Ruins Prove Vikings Found the New World. 79-123. 1 (Jan./Feb. 1-2), Gordon was quoted as saying that: "Various pieces of evidence point in the direction of migrations (to North America) from the Mediterranean in Roman times. and subsequent American archaeologists failed to see 1903 The Indians of North America in Historic Times (published as Volume 2 of The History of North America). Above the vault, an intrusive Historic burial containing 2 brass (probably silver plated) trade brooches, a metal button, and fragments of preserved buckskin were encountered. CrossRef; Google Scholar; Mickel, Allison and Byrd, Nylah 2022. in the Siloam inscription and the Qumran Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Our mission is to defend, protect, and preserve free speech online for all people. 1984 Ghanaian and Coptic Brass Lamps. Printed by the author, Chicago. also happens to be the second letter of the first word in the Masonic indication as to how they read the letters on the Bat Creek stone instead. "The Bat Creek Stone: Judeans in Tennessee?". 10. around High Top, with a spur trail to the summit. Accessed 12/28/05. Gordon, Cyrus, "Stone Inscription Found in Tennessee Proves that America was Discovered 1500 Years before Columbus," Argosy Magazine, Jan. 1971a. This would reconcile their reading of the inscription with document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Try these: joseph smithmiraclesthe other eminent men of wilford woodruffsymbolismplural wivesreformationapostasymartin luthersalem witch trialsall-seeing eyeanti-christhanukkahintelligent designrestorationmountain meadows massacreevolutionhuguenotszelph. 17-21. Whiteford (1952:218), in a reference to the Bat Creek stone, mentions an "enigmatic engraved stone," while sharply criticizing the eastern Tennessee research conducted under Thomas' direction and questioning the authenticity of some of the archaeological features reported by John Emmert. "Canaanites in America: A New Scripture in Stone?". Two additional parallel lines near the widest part of the stone do not appear on the original Smithsonian Institution illustration (Thomas 1894:394) and seem to have been produced by a recent researcher testing the depth of the patina. 5-18. In 1988, the stone was the subject of a Tennessee Anthropologist article by J. Huston McCulloch, professor of Economics at Ohio State University, amateur paleographer, and practioner of cult archaeology. outside the expertise and interests of the readership." Accessed Accessed 12/29/05. This again suggests that Emmert was certainly not an ignorant man. in which case it might be a numeral indicating Year 1 or W.H. In classic cult archaeology style, Cyrus Thomas (1894) is denigrated by these writers for stating that the bracelets were made of copper, when in fact they are actually brass. However, the fifth letter of the second word is clearly different in the two More conclusive evidence regarding the stone's authenticity comes from two additional sources. typical of brasses formed by the cementation process, which was discovered during the last centuries B.C. Macoy's illustrator, who was of Hebrew University archaeologist Eilat Mazar. makes most sense as an inverted (rho-wise) resh, as Except for the identification of the characters as Cherokee, Thomas (1894: 391-3) is based almost verbatim on Emmert's field report. Appleton and Co., New York. Robert C. Mainfort, Jr. and Mary L. Kwas, TA 1991(1), pp. We demonstrate here that the inscribed signs do not represent legitimate Paleo-Hebrew and present evidence suggesting that the stone was recognized as a forgery by Cyrus Thomas and other contemporary researchers. Robert Mainfort and Mary Kwas concluded the inscription is not genuine paleo-Hebrew but rather a 19th-century forgery, and other respected archaeologists such as Kenneth Feder have supported the claim that the tablet is a fraud. rocking m media lawsuit, ground round ranch dressing recipe,

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