Harold assembled an army and a fleet to repel William's anticipated invasion force, deploying troops and ships along the English Channel for most of the summer. The French king, seeking a focus for those opposed to William's power, then proposed that Edgar be given the castle of Montreuil-sur-Mer on the Channel, which would have given Edgar a strategic advantage against William. His holdings included nine thirtieths of the William was able to secure the departure of Sweyn and his fleet in 1070,[103] allowing him to return to the continent to deal with troubles in Maine, where the town of Le Mans had revolted in 1069. Another concern was the death of Count Baldwin VI of Flanders in July 1070, which led to a succession crisis as his widow, Richilde, was ruling for their two young sons, Arnulf and Baldwin. This WWW page was copied from London, S.E., 1892, states that John Gray of that place had the following [48] The birth order of the sons is clear, but no source gives the relative order of birth of the daughters. [93], William remained in England after his coronation and tried to reconcile the native magnates. There were farmers, fishermen and tradesmen. He was not known as a patron of authors, and there is little evidence that he sponsored scholarships or other intellectual activities. In 1047, William was able to quash a rebellion and begin to establish his authority over the duchy, a process that was not complete until about 1060. Sam life and of her heroic death will long illuminate the pages of one of the [101] Norman clergy were appointed to replace the deposed bishops and abbots, and at the end of the process, only two native English bishops remained in office, along with several continental prelates appointed by Edward the Confessor. With a swift campaign, William seized Le Mans from Fulk's forces, completing the campaign by 30 March 1073. John, Lord of Gray, whose son Anschetil de [129], The medieval chronicler William of Malmesbury says that the king also seized and depopulated many miles of land (36 parishes), turning it into the royal New Forest region to support his enthusiastic enjoyment of hunting. The soldier took offense and went at Sam Born around 1028, William was the illegitimate son of Duke Robert I of Normandy, and Herleve (also known as Arlette), daughter of a tanner in Falaise. remained in the hands of the Grey family until the Marcher Lords were abolished [20], The anarchy in the duchy lasted until 1047,[21] and control of the young duke was one of the priorities of those contending for power. Gytha Thorkelsdttir, Harold's mother, offered the victorious duke the weight of her son's body in gold for its custody, but her offer was refused. Alfred returned to England in 1036 to visit his mother and perhaps to challenge Harold as king. A sheriff was responsible for royal justice and collecting royal revenue. William was the son of the Norman Duke Robert the Magnificent and the unnamed daughter of a tanner. captured Reginald. He died in early July at Nicea, on his way back to Normandy. According to a late source not generally considered to be reliable, papal sanction was not secured until 1059, but as papal-Norman relations in the 1050s were generally good, and Norman clergy were able to visit Rome in 1050 without incident, it was probably secured earlier. [116] William immediately attacked the rebels and drove them from Remalard, but King Philip gave them the castle at Gerberoi, where they were joined by new supporters. Gray Coat of Arms and Gray Family Crest. Stigand submitted to William there, and when the duke moved on to Berkhamsted soon afterwards, Edgar the theling, Morcar, Edwin, and Ealdred also submitted. Known as 'William the Bastard' to his contemporaries, his illegitimacy shaped his career when he was young. I know there are loads of wonderful programs to assist in the tabulation, formation and display of the largest family tree. British Monarch. family of Stapleford were similar to the names in Edward Grays family. The raiders were supported by many of William's continental enemies. [107] He left England in the hands of his supporters, including Richard fitzGilbert and William de Warenne,[108] as well as Lanfranc. The story of her pure and beautiful If you have any information concerning any of these people, or at Salem, Boston, Plymouth and Yarmouth and in the provinces of Connecticut merchant in Plymouth. Another Tiverton Gray, Pardon Gray was active during the war also. had two sons, both named John. most eventful periods of English history. Robert also married his half-sister Bertha to King Philip I of France, who was opposed to Norman power. When he died in June, 1681, he left the largest estate Before this, William had returned to the continent, where Ralph had continued the rebellion from Brittany. The early castles were simple earth and timber constructions, later replaced with stone structures. [46][k] The marriage was important in bolstering William's status, as Flanders was one of the more powerful French territories, with ties to the French royal house and to the German emperors. Joshua, [73][m] King Harald Hardrada of Norway also had a claim to the throne as the uncle and heir of King Magnus I, who had made a pact with Harthacnut in about 1040 that if either Magnus or Harthacnut died without heirs, the other would succeed. William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, King of England, 1. told him what kind of work he could do "in language that can't be Sometimes deputies were appointed to deal with specific issues. This was an advantage for William, as it was the only universal tax collected by western European rulers during this period. Thomas died in Plymouth June 7, 1654. as [55] Most of the income came from the ducal lands, as well as from tolls and a few taxes. Most years saw the rate of two shillings per hide, but in crises, it could be increased to as much as six shillings per hide. He Conan's death in 1066 further secured William's borders in Normandy. In England several families from this . The Tiverton Grays are descended from a long line of Grays which are claimed to go back to Rollo, Viking invader and conqueror of Normandy, France. [122] In 1082 William ordered the arrest of his half-brother Odo. [45] Papal sanction of the marriage appears to have required the founding of two monasteries in Caen one by William and one by Matilda. He died in September 1087 while leading a campaign in northern France, and was buried in Caen. [137] William's exact motivation in ordering the survey is unclear, but it probably had several purposes, such as making a record of feudal obligations and justifying increased taxation. He was crowned the Duke in 1035 and over the years made himself the mightiest noble in France, later seizing the English throne in 1066. He hinted obliquely that William and Matilda were, The exact date of the marriage is unknown, but it was probably in 1051 or 1052, and certainly before the end of 1053, as Matilda is named as William's wife in a. theling means "prince of the royal house" and usually denoted a son or brother of a ruling king. baptized November 25, 1610, buried January 20, 1621. Then the king returned to Normandy late in 1068. William also ordered that all of his prisoners be released, including his half-brother Odo. William then sent forces into London to construct a castle; he was crowned at Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066. 6. He crossed back and forth between the continent and England at least 19 times between 1067 and his death. By 1060, following a long struggle to establish his throne, his hold on Normandy was secure. William becomes King of England. [49], There are records of two tutors for William during the late 1030s and early 1040s, but the extent of his literary education is unclear. [94] Both men were also named to earldoms fitzOsbern to Hereford (or Wessex) and Odo to Kent. Andrew Morton Carr Descendant of the right-hand general Ker of William the Conqueror. [54], William cultivated close relations with the church in his duchy. William, Duke of Normandy, conquered England in 1066. As William is an 11th generation descendant of Charlemagne (747-814), the people below also descend from . [q] Another reason for the appointment may have been pressure from the papacy to appoint Lanfranc. There were other potential claimants, including the powerful English earl Harold Godwinson, whom Edward named as king on his deathbed in January 1066. The union of the Grays with the royal line of Tudor was by the marriage The youngest son, Henry, received money. [2], Norman government under William was similar to the government that had existed under earlier dukes. William of Poitiers wrote glowingly of William's reign and its benefits, but the obituary notice for William in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle condemns William in harsh terms. The listings describe the holding, who owned the land before the Conquest, its value, what the tax assessment was, and usually the number of peasants, ploughs, and any other resources the holding had. [126], At first, most of the newly settled Normans kept household knights and did not settle their retainers with fiefs of their own, but gradually these household knights came to be granted lands of their own, a process known as subinfeudation. manor of Turoc in Essex. The other, the De obitu Willelmi, or On the Death of William, has been shown to be a copy of two 9th-century accounts with names changed. [2] William then marched to Southwark, across the Thames from London, which he reached in late November. The snub may not have been deliberate: he might have . [107][r] Philip, although thwarted in this attempt, turned his attentions to Brittany, leading to a revolt in 1075. [97] FitzOsbern and Odo found it difficult to control the native population and undertook a programme of castle building to maintain their hold on the kingdom. [77] The last claimant was William of Normandy, against whose anticipated invasion King Harold Godwinson made most of his preparations. money from Benjamin Franklin for passage home. The Norman conquest changed all that. It is unclear what exactly happened at Edward's deathbed. By 1060, following a long struggle to establish his throne, his hold on Normandy . . Mrs Thomas Houghton (Born 1551) 5775 People 13 Records 25 Sources. [113] Ralph's authority seems also to have been less than his predecessors in the earldom, and this was likely the cause of his involvement in the revolt. A Marcher Lordship passed from an Owain to son-in-law John Charleton. as being worthy to be remembered for valiant services rendered, was J. One became a nun, and the other, Matilda, married, How illegitimacy was viewed by the church and lay society was undergoing a change during this period. We trace his journey from 1027 when he. [144] The historian Eleanor Searle describes William's invasion as "a plan that no ruler but a Scandinavian would have considered". [96] Once in Normandy the new English king went to Rouen and the Abbey of Fecamp,[94] and then attended the consecration of new churches at two Norman monasteries. [138] He was taken to the priory of Saint Gervase at Rouen, where he died on 9 September 1087. The diploma is dated 8th January 1639, * which was afterwards ratified in parliament, 17th November 1641. Dorset branch of the Gray family. Lady Jane Grey (r. 10-19 July 1553) The accession of Lady Jane Grey as Queen was engineered by the powerful Duke of Northumberland, President of the King's Council, in the interests of promoting his own dynastic line. taken to England where he was imprisioned. [134], William continued the collection of Danegeld, a land tax. [60] The trip is unlikely given William's absorption in warfare with Anjou at the time. On his southbound journey, he began constructing Lincoln, Huntingdon, and Cambridge Castles. Her execution, 1554, was soon [118], Word of William's defeat at Gerberoi stirred up difficulties in northern England. a Welch leader, was having a dispute with another Reginald de Grey, and William was always described as close to his wife, and her death would have added to his problems. Norman coins had a much lower silver content, were often of poor artistic quality, and were rarely re-minted. Another consequence of William's invasion was the sundering of the formerly close ties between England and Scandinavia. The exact events preceding the battle are obscure, with contradictory accounts in the sources, but all agree that William led his army from his castle and advanced towards the enemy. [84], The battle began at about 9am on 14 October and lasted all day, but while a broad outline is known, the exact events are obscured by contradictory accounts in the sources. Guillaume "Le Btard", or William the Conqueror, transformed the Middle Ages and laid the foundations of a new Europe. By 12 April 1080, William and Robert had reached an accommodation, with William once more affirming that Robert would receive Normandy when he died. [i] The marriage nevertheless went ahead some time in the early 1050s,[43][j] possibly unsanctioned by the pope. In the Department of Haute-Saone, there is now a town by George Washington as a privateer during the Revolutionary War. [57], In 1051 the childless King Edward of England appears to have chosen William as his successor. Edgar remained at William's court until 1086 when he went to the. Edward Gray, son of John of Stapleford, the progenitor of this branch described as Scotch-Irish, are doubtless the descendants of that branch Gray Family History. On the death 1. [114] Roger and Waltheof were kept in prison, where Waltheof was executed in May 1076. His marriage to Matilda appears to have been quite affectionate, and there are no signs that he was unfaithful to her unusual in a medieval monarch. Harold, perhaps to secure the support of Edwin and Morcar in his bid for the throne, supported the rebels and persuaded King Edward to replace Tostig with Morcar. Its effect, though, was to destabilise Brittany, forcing the duke, Conan II, to focus on internal problems rather than on expansion. died January 1, 1515. The Bellme family, whose lands were quite strategically placed between their three different overlords, were able to play each of them against the other and secure virtual independence for themselves. Genealogies" and "A History of Wales" by John Davies. in Bergundy, France. Sarah, baptized January 12, 1616, married Thomas Harding May 30, 1642. of King Edward, her son the young Prince Consort, and her son Lord Gray, Abraham Gray is mentioned as among the Pilgrim refugees at Leyden, After three weeks, the besieged forces sallied from the castle and managed to take the besiegers by surprise. Perhaps another stipulation of the treaty was the expulsion of Edgar the theling from Malcolm's court. The lack of Norman response appears to have caused the Northumbrians to grow restive, and in the spring of 1080 they rebelled against the rule of Walcher, the Bishop of Durham and Earl of Northumbria. Richilde proposed marriage to William fitzOsbern, who was in Normandy, and fitzOsbern accepted. Six of the names in the John Gray He was thus able to assert his overlordship over the Bellme family and compel them to act consistently with Norman interests. [65] William's western border was thus secured, but his border with Brittany remained insecure. continue prominently represented among the titled nobility in England, Nevertheless, despite all the high-tech stuff, you can't beat good old text! William the Conqueror after Hastings, image extracted from Poems for Christmas, Easter, and New Year's, 1885, on Wikimedia Commons. John, Lord of Gray, whose son Anschetil de Gray was one of William the Conquerors companions in arms at the battle of Hastings, and was recorded in the Domesday Book (a record complied by a royal commission set up by William in 1085-86), as lord of many manors and lordships in the counties of Oxford and . It appears that the Gray family was from Harwich, Essex, as a John and [104], In 1071 William defeated the last rebellion of the north. [50] He was strong enough to draw bows that others were unable to pull and had great stamina. described in what is called the Grand Deed. support the effort with food, money and work in recruiting and organization. Edward IV married Elizabeth Gray, the widow of Sir John William remained in Normandy while his men in England subdued the revolt. Columbia river in Washington state. Arguing that Edward had previously promised the throne to him and that Harold had sworn to support his claim, William built a large fleet and invaded England in September 1066. William the Conqueror Details individual; ruler; French; British; Male. Born in the United States. Emma went into exile in Flanders until Harthacnut became king following Harold's death in 1040, and his half-brother Edward followed Harthacnut to England; Edward was proclaimed king after Harthacnut's death in June 1042. Robert and Pardon who left a record for all to see. After returning to Normandy in 1072, he spent around 130 months in Normandy as against about 40 months in England. [9] Herleva was possibly a member of the ducal household, but did not marry Robert. He did not try to integrate his domains into one empire but continued to administer each part separately. [9][g] Robert I also had a daughter, Adelaide, by another mistress. Most leave the usual trail. The Norman sources do not dispute the fact that Harold was named as the next king, but they declare that Harold's oath and Edward's earlier promise of the throne could not be changed on Edward's deathbed. Earlier dukes had been illegitimate, and William's association with his father on ducal charters appears to indicate that William was considered Robert's most likely heir. [131], After 1066, William did not attempt to integrate his separate domains into one unified realm with one set of laws. Also, the charters and documents produced for the government in Normandy differed in formulas from those produced in England. [2] Orderic Vitalis records that William tried to learn to read Old English late in life, but he was unable to devote sufficient time to the effort and quickly gave up. Members As one of . 1. Edgar the theling also appears to have been given lands. town report or directory are about all there is. [139], William's grave is currently marked by a marble slab with a Latin inscription dating from the early 19th century. [85] Although the numbers on each side were about equal, William had both cavalry and infantry, including many archers, while Harold had only foot soldiers and few, if any, archers. of a series of incidents that brought about the Boston Massacre later that His [o] William ordered that the body was to be thrown into the sea, but whether that took place is unclear. no trace to follow. 2. William also benefited from his campaign in Brittany by securing the support of some Breton nobles who went on to support the invasion of England in 1066. [7][c], William was born in 1027 or 1028 at Falaise, Duchy of Normandy, most likely towards the end of 1028. Following his arrival back on the continent he married his daughter Constance to Duke Alan of Brittany, in furtherance of his policy of seeking allies against the French kings. The thigh bone currently in the tomb is assumed to be the one that was reburied in 1642, but the Victorian historian, Lewis "Breteuil, Roger de, earl of Hereford", Danish king had brought a large fleet to England, Norman conquest of England Consequences, "Edward (St Edward; known as Edward the Confessor) (1003x51066)", "William I (known as William the Conqueror)", "Breteuil, Roger de, earl of Hereford (fl. . [61] By 1050, however, relations between the king and the earl had soured, culminating in a crisis in 1051 that led to the exile of Godwin and his family from England. This was the last invasion of Normandy during William's lifetime. These controversies have led to William being seen by some historians either as one of the creators of England's greatness or as inflicting one of the greatest defeats in English history. The Bayeux Tapestry has been claimed to show Harold's death by an arrow to the eye, but that may be a later reworking of the tapestry to conform to 12th-century stories in which Harold was slain by an arrow wound to the head. "They built castles far and wide, oppressing the unhappy people", wept the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 1066. Ralph also requested Danish aid. Early Life. But William was not finished; he marched over the Pennines during the winter and defeated the remaining rebels at Shrewsbury before building Chester and Stafford Castles. An early documented person was Anchetil de Greye - a vassal of William the Conqueror of Normandy (now part of France) and who accompan. In August and September 1079 King Malcolm of Scots raided south of the River Tweed, devastating the land between the River Tees and the Tweed in a raid that lasted almost a month. His sons also lost much of their control over Maine, which revolted in 1089 and managed to remain mostly free of Norman influence thereafter. There were probably other reasons for William's delay, including intelligence reports from England revealing that Harold's forces were deployed along the coast. William responded swiftly, ignoring a continental revolt in Maine, and symbolically wore his crown in the ruins of York on Christmas Day 1069. worldwide traders. It is believed that John Gray of Stapleford Tawney descended from the Tostig appears to have received little local support, and further raids into Lincolnshire and near the River Humber met with no more success, so he retreated to Scotland, where he remained for a time. [64] William appointed a Norman to the bishopric of Le Mans in 1065. Walcher was killed on 14 May 1080, and the king dispatched his half-brother Odo to deal with the rebellion. He received from Robert the Castle and honor [140][w], The immediate consequence of William's death was a war between his sons Robert and William over control of England and Normandy. father or the son. The intact body was restored to the tomb at that time, but in 1562, during the French Wars of Religion, the grave was reopened and the bones scattered and lost, with the exception of one thigh bone. [94] But the families of Harold and his brothers lost their lands, as did some others who had fought against William at Hastings. Born in France, William was an illegitimate child of Robert I . 2, 1589 and married on October 6, 1606 to Elizabeth Ward. During his childhood and adolescence, members of the Norman aristocracy battled each other, both for control of the child duke, and for their own ends. [100] The historian David Bates sees this coronation as the ceremonial papal "seal of approval" for William's conquest. Life dates 1025-1087. Park Street Congregational Church, Boston. The second, which included some who became William's firm supporters, such as Robert, Count of Eu, Walter Giffard, Roger of Mortemer, and William de Warenne, faced the other invading force. William, son of Ellery, who were obscure, possibly intentionally leaving Gray was one of William the Conquerors companions in arms at the battle The Dorset Grays are of great antiquity, Return to Newport County RIGenWeb Home Page. Ralph eventually left Norwich in the control of his wife and left England, finally ending up in Brittany. [28] William of Poitiers claimed that the battle was won mainly through William's efforts, but earlier accounts claim that King Henry's men and leadership also played an important part. (Former King of England (1066 - 1087)) William the Conqueror was the Duke of Normandy, who later became the King of England. Although some sort of formal assembly probably was held, it is unlikely that any debate took place, as the duke had by then established control over his nobles, and most of those assembled would have been anxious to secure their share of the rewards from the conquest of England. By Easter, William was at Winchester, where he was soon joined by his wife Matilda, who was crowned in May 1068. Although this was William's first defeat in battle, it did little to change things. The difficulties over the succession led to a loss of authority in Normandy, with the aristocracy regaining much of the power they had lost to the elder William. The exact date of William's birth is confused by contradictory statements by the Norman chroniclers. The name has various spellings and includes GRAY and GREY - sometimes different spellings occur in the same generation of a single family.The first Gray to arrive in the United States was John Gray in about 1620.The origins of the name would seem to be multiple. Not all of the Normans who accompanied William in the initial conquest acquired large amounts of land in England. He Was Illegitimate. [62] Godwin returned from exile in 1052 with armed forces, and a settlement was reached between the king and the earl, restoring the earl and his family to their lands and replacing Robert of Jumiges, a Norman whom Edward had named Archbishop of Canterbury, with Stigand, the Bishop of Winchester. [110], In 1075, during William's absence, Ralph de Gael, the Earl of Norfolk, and Roger de Breteuil, the Earl of Hereford, conspired to overthrow William in the "Revolt of the Earls". David Gray of Tiverton was captured by the British during the war and in the Reign of William the Conqueror, are the Amoreal bearings of Paganus [143] How abrupt and far-reaching the changes were is still a matter of debate among historians, with some such as Richard Southern claiming that the Conquest was the single most radical change in European history between the Fall of Rome and the 20th century. Mary was the widow of King Louis XII of France, who had They succeeded in capturing an Angevin fortress but accomplished little else. Family visits Group . Orderic relates that he had previously demanded control of Maine and Normandy and had been rebuffed. [127], By William's death, after weathering a series of rebellions, most of the native Anglo-Saxon aristocracy had been replaced by Norman and other continental magnates. William also appointed deputies who could make decisions while he was absent, especially if the absence was expected to be lengthy. William was the son of the unmarried Duke Robert I of Normandy and his mistress Herleva. Tostig went into exile in Flanders, along with his wife Judith, who was the daughter of Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders. [135] Coinage across his domains continued to be minted in different cycles and styles. 1476; and Lady Jane Grey who was queen of England for a few days. Permanent Scandinavian settlement occurred before 911, when Rollo, one of the Viking leaders, and King Charles the Simple of France reached an agreement ceding the county of Rouen to Rollo. According to the Norman writer William of Jumiges, William had meanwhile sent an embassy to King Harold Godwinson to remind Harold of his oath to support William's claim, although whether this embassy actually occurred is unclear.
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